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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 May 9.
Published in final edited form as: Bone. 2022 Nov 14;167:116611. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2022.116611

Table 3:

Subset of available transgenic tools

Commonly used genetically encoded fluorophores tagBFP Ex 402, Em 457 [186]
mCerulean Ex 433, Em 475 [187]
CFP Ex 456, Em 480 [188]
mTFP1 Ex 462, Em 492 [189]
EGFP Ex 488, Em 507 [190]
lanYFP Ex 513, Em 524 [191]
mVenus Ex 515, Em 527 [192]
E2-Orange Ex 540, Em 561 [193]
tdTomato Ex 554, Em 581 [194]
dsRed Ex 558, Em 583 [195]
mCherry Ex 587, Em 610 [194]
RFP Ex 587, Em 637 [196]
mKate2 Ex 588, Em 633 [197]
For a more comprehensive list of available fluorophores see: https://www.fpbase.org/ [198]
Localization signals cell membrane:
Lyn myristoylation and palmitoylation sequence [199–201]
CAAX motif [202]
nucleus:
histone H2A.F/Z fusion [202]
histone H2B fusion [203]
hmgb1 fusion [204]
SV40 nuclear localization signal (NLS) [205]
nucleoplasmin NLS [206]
actin cytoskeleton:
Lifeact [207]
microtubules:
ensconsin microtubule-binding domain fusion [208]
Transcriptional activator systems Gal4-UAS [209]
QF-QUAS [210]
KalTA4-UAS [210]
Conditional expression systems Cre-loxP/lox2272/loxN [211, 212]
Flp-FRT [213]
Dre-Rox [214]
Inducible gene expression systems Cre-ERT2 + Tamoxifen [215]
LexPR + mifepristone [216]
TetA-GBD + doxycycline and dexamethasone [217]
TetA-EcR + doxycycline and tebufenozide [217]
hsp70l promoter + heat shock [218]
GV-EcR + tebufenozide [219]
IQ-Switch + tebufenozide [220]
GAVPO + blue light [219]
Cell ablation systems Nitroreductase + metronidazole [221–223]
KillerRed + intense green or white light [224]
M2H37A [219]
Kid + Kis anti-toxin [225]
PhoCl-Bid [225]
Signaling pathway activity reporter systems Wnt signaling:
TOPdGFP [226]
Tcf/Lef-mini:dGFP [227]
TCFsiam [228]
BMP signaling:
BMP-responsive element [229–232]
dominant negative Bmpr1a-GFP [233]
FGF signaling:
dusp6:d2EGFP [234]
dominant negative hsp70:dn-fgfr1 [235]
Notch pathway:
Tp1bglob [204]
her12-Kaede [236]
Hedgehog signaling:
ptc1-Kaede [237]
ssh-GFP [238]
Erk signaling:
Erk KTR [239]
TGF-beta signaling:
12xSBE:EGFP [240]
12xSBE:nls-mCherry [240]
Genetically encoded Ca sensors GFP-aequorin [241, 242]
GCamp [243]
CaMPARI [244]
Apoptosis marker AnnexinV-YFP [245]
NES-DEVD-mCardinal-NLS [246]
genetically encoded death indicators (GEDIs) [247]
Autophagic flux sensor GFP-LC3-RFP-LC3DG [248]
FUCCI (Fluorescent Ubiquitination-based Cell Cycle Indicator) hGeminin [162, 249]
zCdt1 [162, 249]
Lineage tracing tools Photoconvertible proteins:
Dendra Ex 488, Em 505 > Ex 556, Em 575 [250]
Kaede Ex 508, Em 518 > Ex 572, Em 580 [251]
mEos2 Ex 506, Em 519 > Ex 573, Em 584 [252]
Kikume Ex 507, Em 517 > Ex 583, Em 593 [253]
Zebrabow, priZm (Lox2272-LoxP-RFP-Lox2272-CFP-LoxP-YFP) [254, 255]
Palmskin (LoxN-Lox2272-LoxP-H2B-EBFP2-LoxN-palm-mCherry-Lox2272-palm-mEYFP-LoxP-palm-mCerulean) [256]
FRaeppli-nls (UAS-attB-Lox2272-STOP-Lox2272-phiC31-cmlc2-mTurquoise-attP-nls-E2-Orange-attP-nls-mKate2-attP-nls-mTFP1-attpP-nls-TagBFP) [257]
FRaeppli-caax (UAS-attB-Lox2272-STOP-Lox2272-phiC31-cmlc2-mTurquoise-attP-E2-Orange-CAAX-attP-mKate2-CAAX-attP-mTFP1-CAAX-attpP-TagBFP-CAAX) [257]
Plasmid collections Tol2 kit ( http://tol2kit.genetics.utah.edu ) [154]
CRISPR/Cas9 vector system for tissue-specific gene disruption [258]
Addgene ( https://www.addgene.org/ )