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. 2023 Oct 15;5:100158. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnsa.2023.100158

Table 3.

Summary of effect sizes for each outcome comparison for team-building interventions (statistically significant effect sizes are bolded and marked with ‘*’).

Outcome Number of studies Number of participants Odds ratio or SMD I2 (heterogeneity)
Turnover (OR)
All studies 5 8604 0.65 [0.33, 1.28] 79 %, p = 0.0008
RCT 2 7684 1.09 [0.69, 1.71] 0 %, p = 0.35
NRCT 3 920 0.45 [0.16, 1.25] 82 %, p = 0.004
Pre-Post 0
Placebo 0
Non-placebo 5 8604 0.65 [0.33, 1.28] 79 %, p = 0.0008
Short-term follow-up 1 32 3.21 [0.32, 32.60] NA
Medium-term follow-up 3 925 0.55 [0.16, 1.97] 87 %, p = 0.0005
Long-term follow-up 1 757 *0.56 [0.42, 0.75] NA
Intention to quit (SMD)
All studies 2 132 −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] 32 %, p = 0.22
RCT 0
NRCT 2 132 −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] 32 %, p = 0.22
Pre-Post 0
Placebo 0
Non-placebo 2 132 −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] 32 %, p = 0.22
Short-term follow-up 0
Medium-term follow-up 1 25 −0.73 [−1.56, 0.10] NA
Long-term follow-up 1 107 −0.16 [−0.54, 0.22] NA
Stress-related outcomes (SMD)
All studies 2 145 −0.08 [−0.52, 0.37] 40 %, p = 0.20
RCT 1 46 −0.36 [−0.94, 0.22] NA
NRCT 1 99 0.11 [−0.29, 0.51] NA
Pre-Post 0
Placebo 0
Non-placebo 2 145 −0.08 [−0.52, 0.37] 40 %, p = 0.20
Short-term follow-up 1 46 −0.36 [−0.94, 0.22] NA
Medium-term follow-up 0
Long-term follow-up 1 99 0.11 [−0.29, 0.51] NA
Job/life satisfaction (SMD)
All studies 2 193 −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] 56 %, p = 0.13
RCT 0
NRCT 2 193 −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] 56 %, p = 0.13
Pre-Post 0
Placebo 0
Non-placebo 2 193 −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] 56 %, p = 0.13
Short-term follow-up 0
Medium-term follow-up 1 81 −0.30 [−0.75, 0.14] NA
Long-term follow-up 1 112 0.14 [−0.23, 0.52] NA
Self-esteem (SMD)
All studies 3 232 −0.08 [−0.34, 0.18] 0 %, p = 0.42
RCT 1 46 0.26 [−0.32, 0.84] NA
NRCT 2 186 −0.16 [−0.45, 0.13] 0 %, p = 0.81
Pre-Post 0
Placebo 0
Non-placebo 3 232 −0.08 [−0.34, 0.18] 0 %, p = 0.42
Short-term follow-up 1 46 0.26 [−0.32, 0.84] NA
Medium-term follow-up 1 80 −0.12 [−0.56, 0.32] NA
Long-term follow-up 1 106 −0.20 [−0.58, 0.19] NA