Table 3.
Summary of effect sizes for each outcome comparison for team-building interventions (statistically significant effect sizes are bolded and marked with ‘*’).
| Outcome | Number of studies | Number of participants | Odds ratio or SMD | I2 (heterogeneity) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Turnover (OR) | ||||
| All studies | 5 | 8604 | 0.65 [0.33, 1.28] | 79 %, p = 0.0008 |
| RCT | 2 | 7684 | 1.09 [0.69, 1.71] | 0 %, p = 0.35 |
| NRCT | 3 | 920 | 0.45 [0.16, 1.25] | 82 %, p = 0.004 |
| Pre-Post | 0 | – | – | – |
| Placebo | 0 | – | – | – |
| Non-placebo | 5 | 8604 | 0.65 [0.33, 1.28] | 79 %, p = 0.0008 |
| Short-term follow-up | 1 | 32 | 3.21 [0.32, 32.60] | NA |
| Medium-term follow-up | 3 | 925 | 0.55 [0.16, 1.97] | 87 %, p = 0.0005 |
| Long-term follow-up | 1 | 757 | *0.56 [0.42, 0.75] | NA |
| Intention to quit (SMD) | ||||
| All studies | 2 | 132 | −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] | 32 %, p = 0.22 |
| RCT | 0 | – | – | – |
| NRCT | 2 | 132 | −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] | 32 %, p = 0.22 |
| Pre-Post | 0 | – | – | – |
| Placebo | 0 | – | – | – |
| Non-placebo | 2 | 132 | −0.32 [−0.82, 0.18] | 32 %, p = 0.22 |
| Short-term follow-up | 0 | – | – | – |
| Medium-term follow-up | 1 | 25 | −0.73 [−1.56, 0.10] | NA |
| Long-term follow-up | 1 | 107 | −0.16 [−0.54, 0.22] | NA |
| Stress-related outcomes (SMD) | ||||
| All studies | 2 | 145 | −0.08 [−0.52, 0.37] | 40 %, p = 0.20 |
| RCT | 1 | 46 | −0.36 [−0.94, 0.22] | NA |
| NRCT | 1 | 99 | 0.11 [−0.29, 0.51] | NA |
| Pre-Post | 0 | – | – | – |
| Placebo | 0 | – | – | – |
| Non-placebo | 2 | 145 | −0.08 [−0.52, 0.37] | 40 %, p = 0.20 |
| Short-term follow-up | 1 | 46 | −0.36 [−0.94, 0.22] | NA |
| Medium-term follow-up | 0 | – | – | – |
| Long-term follow-up | 1 | 99 | 0.11 [−0.29, 0.51] | NA |
| Job/life satisfaction (SMD) | ||||
| All studies | 2 | 193 | −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] | 56 %, p = 0.13 |
| RCT | 0 | – | – | – |
| NRCT | 2 | 193 | −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] | 56 %, p = 0.13 |
| Pre-Post | 0 | – | – | – |
| Placebo | 0 | – | – | – |
| Non-placebo | 2 | 193 | −0.07 [−0.50, 0.37] | 56 %, p = 0.13 |
| Short-term follow-up | 0 | – | – | – |
| Medium-term follow-up | 1 | 81 | −0.30 [−0.75, 0.14] | NA |
| Long-term follow-up | 1 | 112 | 0.14 [−0.23, 0.52] | NA |
| Self-esteem (SMD) | ||||
| All studies | 3 | 232 | −0.08 [−0.34, 0.18] | 0 %, p = 0.42 |
| RCT | 1 | 46 | 0.26 [−0.32, 0.84] | NA |
| NRCT | 2 | 186 | −0.16 [−0.45, 0.13] | 0 %, p = 0.81 |
| Pre-Post | 0 | – | – | – |
| Placebo | 0 | – | – | – |
| Non-placebo | 3 | 232 | −0.08 [−0.34, 0.18] | 0 %, p = 0.42 |
| Short-term follow-up | 1 | 46 | 0.26 [−0.32, 0.84] | NA |
| Medium-term follow-up | 1 | 80 | −0.12 [−0.56, 0.32] | NA |
| Long-term follow-up | 1 | 106 | −0.20 [−0.58, 0.19] | NA |