Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of overall study participants based on the oxidative balance score tertile.
| ALL | T1 (< 16) | T2 (16–23) | T3 (≥ 23) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 8,134 | N = 2,557 | N = 2,590 | N = 2,987 | ||
| Age | 44 (31, 59) | 43 (31, 59) | 45 (31, 60) | 44 (31, 58) | 0.191 |
| Gender, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Males | 4,372 (53.7) | 1,298 (50.8) | 1,415 (54.6) | 1,659 (55.5) | |
| Females | 3,762 (46.3) | 1,259 (49.2) | 1,175 (45.4) | 1,328 (44.5) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| Mexican American | 997 (12.3) | 294 (11.5) | 311 (12) | 392 (13.1) | |
| Other Hispanic | 724 (8.9) | 229 (9) | 231 (8.9) | 264 (8.8) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 3,558 (43.7) | 1,014 (39.7) | 1,141 (44.1) | 1,403 (47) | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1,642 (20.2) | 704 (27.5) | 513 (19.8) | 425 (14.2) | |
| Other races, including multi-racial | 1,213 (14.9) | 316 (12.4) | 394 (15.2) | 503 (16.8) | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.6 (1.3, 4.8) | 2.0 (1.0, 3.8) | 2.6 (1.3, 4.5) | 3.2 (1.6, 5.0) | < 0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| < High school | 1,095 (13.5) | 441 (17.2) | 359 (13.9) | 295 (9.9) | |
| High school/general educational development | 1,697 (20.9) | 655 (25.6) | 564 (21.8) | 478 (16) | |
| > High school | 5,342 (65.7) | 1,461 (57.1) | 1,667 (64.4) | 2,214 (74.1) | |
| Co-morbidities, yes (%) | |||||
| Diabetes history | 768 (9.4) | 267 (10.4) | 262 (10.1) | 239 (8) | 0.003 |
| Hypertension history | 2,520 (31.0) | 874 (34.2) | 817 (31.5) | 829 (27.8) | < 0.001 |
| Energy (kcal) | 2042 (1,542, 2,631) | 1,524 (1,193, 1945) | 2027 (1,628, 2,515) | 2,547 (2059, 3,089) | < 0.001 |
| Caffeine (mg) | 106 (22, 216) | 93 (14, 193) | 108 (22, 218) | 122 (29, 236) | < 0.001 |
| eGFR(mL/min/1.73 m2) | 86.4 (67.0, 105.4) | 85.5 (65.9, 105.8) | 86.3 (66.8, 105.5) | 87.0 (68.4, 105.0) | 0.205 |
| UACR(mg/g) | 6.6 (4.4, 11.8) | 7.2 (4.7, 13.5) | 6.7 (4.4, 12.0) | 6.2 (4.2, 10.5) | < 0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 0.004 | ||||
| No | 6,937 (85.3) | 2,144 (83.8) | 2,196 (84.8) | 2,597 (86.9) | |
| Yes | 1,197(14.7) | 413 (16.2) | 394 (15.2) | 390 (13.1) | |
eGFR, Estimated glomerular filtration rate; UACR, Urinary albumin/urine creatinine ratio.