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. 2024 Apr 22;68:e230292. doi: 10.20945/2359-4292-2023-0292

Figure 1. Involvement of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in biochemical pathways and molecules in diabetic retinopathy.

Figure 1

Abbreviations: DR, diabetic retinopathy; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; Ang I, angiotensin I, Ang II, angiotensin II; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ACE2, angiotensin-converting enzyme type 2; (P)RR, (pro)renin receptor; AT1R, angiotensin II type 1 receptors; AT2R, angiotensin II type 2 receptors; ERK 1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; AGE, advanced glycation end product; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; ICAM-1, intracellular adhesion molecule-1; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; PAI-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; DAG/PK-C, diacylglycerol/protein kinase-C; IP3, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate; NO, nitric oxide; PL-A2, phospholipase A2; PL-C, phospholipase C; cGMP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate.