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. 2024 May 9;14:10686. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61533-1

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Same as frequency evolution from Fig. 2a, b, the AB’s spectral evolution along z with (a) $β_{4} = 0.04$ and (b) $β_{4} = 0.1$ showing the frequency component in $+ ω$ evolving up to $z = 40$ . The numbered arrows 2 to 10 show energy flow among the harmonics. The dashed long arrows (A & B) show the range of frequencies on both sides of the phase-matched excited harmonics in (a) $ω_{12}$ and (b) $ω_{8}$ .