Soil drenching with bio-FeNPs and SINCs improved the growth performance and Fe content of watermelon plants. (a) Growth phenotype of watermelon plants at 15 d post-treatment with ionic Fe, SA, bio-FeNPs, or SINCs. (b) Plant height, (c) fresh and (d) dry biomass at 15 d post-treatment with ionic Fe, SA, bio-FeNPs, or SINCs. (e) Fe content in roots (left) and shoots (right) of healthy plants at 15 d post-treatment with ionic Fe, SA, bio-FeNPs, or SINCs. (f) Fe distribution from root-to-shoot, measured in terms of TFroot-shoot, at 15 d post-treatment with ionic Fe, SA, bio-FeNPs, or SINCs. Data presented are the means ± SD from three independent experiments and different lowercase letters above the error bars represent the significant difference among different datasets inferred by one-way ANOVA at p-value ≤ 0.05.