Table S1. Comparison of clinical manifestations between initial and re-infected participants with COVID-19 in China, from April 1 to May 30, 2023.
| Clinical Manifestations | Total, n (%) | Initial infection, n (%) | Reinfection, n (%) | P -value |
| Note: The statistical tests used in the study were as follows: For categorical data, chi-square test was employed; for quantitative data, two independent t-test was used; for skewed distribution data, Wilcoxon rank sum test was applied. The symptoms associated with COVID-19 involve various bodily systems. These include the general system, which exhibits symptoms of fever. The neurological system is also impacted, leading to symptoms such as headache, muscle and joint pain, fatigue, and changes in taste and smell. The respiratory system is affected and can present symptoms like sore throat, nasal congestion, runny nose, cough, sputum, and shortness of breath. Additionally, the gastrointestinal system may be affected, causing symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea. COVID-19 refers to coronavirus disease, and IQR stands for interquartile range. Abbreviation: COVID-19=coronavirus disease 2019; IQR=interquartile range. | ||||
| Total | 42,987 | 20,798 | 22,189 | |
| Fever (≥39.1℃) | 9,700 (22.6) | 7,871 (37.8) | 1,829 (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Fever (<39.1℃) | 22,616 (52.6) | 10,852 (52.2) | 11,764 (53.0) | 0.082 |
| Headache | 23,945 (55.7) | 12,614 (60.7) | 11,331 (51.1) | <0.001 |
| Muscle and joint pain | 17,694 (41.2) | 10,326 (49.7) | 7,368 (33.2) | <0.001 |
| Sore throat | 31,179 (72.5) | 14,866 (71.5) | 16,313 (73.5) | <0.001 |
| Nasal congestion | 28,781 (67.0) | 13,737 (66.1) | 15,044 (67.8) | <0.001 |
| Runny nose | 27,892 (64.9) | 12,215 (58.7) | 15,677 (70.7) | <0.001 |
| Cough | 31,185 (72.6) | 15,137 (72.8) | 16,048 (72.3) | 0.289 |
| Sputum | 21,083 (49.1) | 12,112 (58.2) | 8,971 (40.4) | <0.001 |
| Changes in taste and smell | 15,243 (35.5) | 10,297 (49.5) | 4,946 (22.3) | <0.001 |
| Diarrhoea | 7,638 (17.8) | 4,151 (20.0) | 3,487 (15.7) | <0.001 |
| Nausea | 3,525 (8.2) | 2,249 (10.8) | 1,276 (5.8) | <0.001 |
| Shortness of breath | 6,283 (14.6) | 3,447 (16.6) | 2,836 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Fatigue | 26,233 (61.0) | 13,837 (66.5) | 12,396 (55.9) | <0.001 |
| General system | 32,316 (75.2) | 18,723 (90.0) | 13,593 (61.3) | <0.001 |
| Neurological system | 35,788 (83.3) | 18,566 (89.3) | 17,222 (77.6) | <0.001 |
| Respiratory system | 42,185 (98.1) | 20,330 (97.8) | 21,855 (98.5) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal system | 32,316 (75.2) | 18,723 (90.0) | 13,593 (61.3) | <0.001 |
| Number of symptoms [median (IQR)] | 6 (4.0) | 7 (4.0) | 6 (4.0) | <0.001 |
| Duration of disease [median (IQR)] | 5 (3.0) | 6 (3.0) | 4 (3.0) | <0.001 |