Table 1. Characteristics of Birth Parents by SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Year.
| COVID-19 pandemic period (2020) | Prepandemic (2019) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| With SARS-CoV-2 infectiona | Without SARS-CoV-2 infection | ||
| Births, No.b | 7150 | 270 872 | 300 030 |
| Perinatal health outcomes, No. (%)c | |||
| Preterm birth | 832 (11.6) | 22 935 (8.5) | 26 560 (8.9) |
| Spontaneous | 603 (8.4) | 16 491 (6.1) | 19 351 (6.4) |
| Indicated | 229 (3.2) | 6444 (2.4) | 7202 (2.4) |
| Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy | 1106 (15.5) | 34 594 (12.8) | 34 490 (11.5) |
| Gestational diabetes | 864 (12.1) | 32 798 (12.1) | 33 089 (11.0) |
| Severe maternal morbidity | 236 (3.3) | 2707 (1.0) | 2997 (1.0) |
| Birth parent characteristicsd | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 28.45 (5.99) | 30.27 (5.79) | 30.12 (5.82) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%)e | |||
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 17 (0.2) | 900 (0.3) | 966 (0.3) |
| Asian | 377 (5.3) | 39 020 (14.4) | 47 385 (15.8) |
| Black | 318 (4.4) | 13 951 (5.2) | 14 996 (5.0) |
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 35 (0.5) | 1042 (0.4) | 1164 (0.4) |
| Hispanic | 5266 (73.7) | 131 634 (48.6) | 144 844 (48.3) |
| Multiracial | 108 (1.5) | 6997 (2.6) | 7401 (2.5) |
| White | 1021 (14.3) | 77 055 (28.4) | 82 935 (27.6) |
| Other race | 8 (0.1) | 273 (0.1) | 339 (0.1) |
| Insurance type, No. (%) | |||
| Other | 12 (0.2) | 1003 (0.4) | 1387 (0.5) |
| Private coverage | 2248 (31.4) | 144 481 (53.3) | 153 246 (51.1) |
| Public coverage | 4790 (67.0) | 121 927 (45.0) | 135 581 (45.2) |
| Self-pay | 100 (1.4) | 3461 (1.3) | 9816 (3.3) |
| Parity, No. (%) | |||
| 0 | 2474 (34.6) | 107 422 (39.7) | 118 804 (39.6) |
| 1 | 2040 (28.5) | 86 150 (31.8) | 96 398 (32.1) |
| ≥2 | 2636 (36.9) | 77 300 (28.5) | 84 828 (28.3) |
| Education, No. (%) | |||
| College graduation or more | 1509 (21.1) | 116 916 (43.2) | 127 055 (42.3) |
| Less than college | 4117 (57.6) | 123 442 (45.6) | 136 722 (45.6) |
| Less than high school | 1524 (21.3) | 30 514 (11.3) | 36253 (12.1) |
| Community characteristics, mean (SD)f | |||
| % Asian | 9.7 (10.4) | 13.3 (13.8) | 13.76 (14.4) |
| % Black | 6.5 (7.1) | 5.9 (7.3) | 5.88 (7.3) |
| % Hispanic | 54.5 (23.2) | 42.8 (24.4) | 42.94 (24.5) |
| % Below poverty line | 16.5 (7.8) | 14.3 (7.9) | 14.34 (7.9) |
| Median household income, $ | 66 148 (22 746) | 76 346 (30 598) | 76 140 (30 342) |
| % On public assistance | 4.5 (2.8) | 3.8 (2.8) | 3.8 (2.8) |
| % With 0 vehicles | 6.9 (5.5) | 6.8 (5.6) | 6.8 (5.7) |
| Owner vacancy rate | 1.2 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) | 1.1 (1.2) |
| Renter vacancy rate | 3.2 (2.0) | 3.4 (2.3) | 3.4 (2.3) |
| % Unemployed | 7.3 (3.0) | 6.5 (2.9) | 6.5 (2.9) |
| % Never married | 39.1 (7.3) | 37.4 (8.1) | 37.4 (8.1) |
| % Separated | 2.4 (0.8) | 2.1 (0.9) | 2.1 (0.9) |
SARS-CoV-2 infection at delivery defined based on International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes in the inpatient hospital discharge record and complications of pregnancy in the birth record (eMethods in Supplement 1).
Includes all birth records April-December 2019 and April-December 2020 with complete covariate data (8.3% [2019] and 8.4% [2020] excluded due to missing covariates) (eMethods in Supplement 1).
Perinatal health outcomes are derived from both the vital statistics birth record and the hospital discharge records during the pregnancy or at delivery (eMethods in Supplement 1).
Individual characteristics for the birth parent at delivery are from the vital statistics birth record (birth parent’s age, race and ethnicity, parity, education) and from the delivery hospital discharge record (insurance type) (eMethods in Supplement 1).
Race and ethnicity for the birth parent was self-reported on the birth certificate according to the classifications used by the California Department of Public Health. Up to 3 race categories may be selected, in addition to Hispanic ethnicity. The other race category is provided as an option for the birth parent to select when self-reporting their race and ethnicity. They may select up to 3 race categories, in addition to Hispanic ethnicity.
Community characteristics for the zip code tabulation area of birth parent’s residence at the time of delivery from the American Community Survey 2019 5-Year Estimates (eMethods in Supplement 1).