Table 2.
Technical characteristics of the immersive technology interventions.
| Reports | VRa intervention | Device characteristics | Amount of time used and frequency of use | Intervention duration | Setting of use | Usability assessment | VR design framework used | Degree of guidance |
| Cieślik et al [34], 2023 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device (VR HTC Vive goggles+HTC Vive controllers) | 20 min/session, twice a wk | 4 wk | Unclear | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Self-administered therapy |
| Czech et al [35], 2022 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device | 15 min/session, daily | 2 wk (8 sessions) | Hospital (it is not clear whether participants were ambulatory or inpatients) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Farahimanesh et al [36], 2023 | COVID Feel Good | Type: unclear; the study mentions that a head-mounted display or cardboard headset could be used, but there is no information about the VR device type used; specific type: unclear | 20 min/session, daily | 7 days | Unclear | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Jóźwik et al [37], 2021 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device | Unclear time per session and frequency | Unclear | Hospital (it is not clear whether participants were ambulatory or inpatients) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Jóźwik et al [38], 2021 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device (HTC Vive PRO VR goggles+unspecified controllers) | 20 min/session, 3 times a wk | 3 wk (8 sessions) | Hospital (ambulatory) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Kiper et al [39], 2022 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device (HTC Vive PRO VR goggles+unspecified controllers) | 20 min/session; frequency unclear | 3 wk (10 sessions) | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Methodology of VR clinical trials in health care by an international working group | Unclear |
| Lakhani et al [40], 2020 | VR session of environment exposure using the National Geographic App and the YouTube VR app | Type: headset; specific type: Oculus Go | 20 min/session, daily | 1 wk (3 sessions) | Hospital (ambulatory) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Paul et al [41], 2022 | VR session of environment exposure using YouTube VR videos | Type: headset; specific type: Limbix | Time per session and frequency unclear | 3 wk | Home based | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Self-administered therapy |
| Rodrigues et al [42], 2022 | VR therapy (360-degree videos with images of landscapes and mindfulness techniques) | Type: smartphone VR headset; specific type: Oculos Realidade Virtual 3D Gamer Warrior JS080 (adaptable with smartphone) | 10 min/session, once | 1 session | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Predominantly self-help |
| Rutkowski et al [43], 2021 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device | 20 min/session, 5 times a wk | 2 wk | Hospital (it is not clear whether participants were ambulatory or inpatients) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Rutkowski et al [44], 2022 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset; specific type: VR TierOne device (VR goggles+controllers) | Unclear time per session, 5 times a wk | 3 wk | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Unclear |
| Szczepańska-Gieracha et al [45], 2021 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset; specific type: VR TierOne device (HTC Vive PRO VR goggles+unspecified controllers) | 20 min/session, twice a wk | 4 wk (8 sessions) | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Methodology of VR clinical trials in health care by an international working group | Predominantly self-help |
| Szczepańska-Gieracha et al [46], 2021 | Virtual Therapeutic Garden | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: VR TierOne device | 20 min/session, twice a wk | 4 wk | Unclear | Not mentioned | Methodology of VR clinical trials in health care by an international working group | Unclear |
| Vlake et al [47], 2022 | ICU-VR | Type: headset+headphones; specific type: Oculus Go+unspecified headphones | 14 min/session, once | 1 session | Hospital (ambulatory) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Predominantly self-help |
| Zhang et al [48], 2022 | VR-CALM | Type: headset+controllers; specific type: unclear | 30 min/session; frequency unclear | 3 mo (6 sessions) | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Minimal-contact therapy |
| Zhang et al [49], 2023 | Tailored VR meditation | Type: headset; specific type: PRO 6 DOF (Beijing Iqiyi Intelligent Technology) | 20 min/session, daily | 14 d | Hospital (inpatient) | Not mentioned | Not mentioned | Predominantly self-help |
aVR: virtual reality.