Table 2.
Mean daily dietary intake by intervention period.
| Variable | Baseline | Animal-based | Washout (animal) | Universal | Plant-based | Washout (plant) | p-value (animal vs plant) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| Calories | 2093 ± 578 | 1859 ± 508 | 1802 ± 381 | 1988 ± 646 | 1896 ± 566 | 1989 ± 612 | 1.00 |
| Percent calories from carbohydrate (%) | 46 ± 9.3 | 36 ± 8.3a | 43 ± 6.2 | 47 ± 5.7 | 57 ± 6.0a | 44 ± 3.9 | <0.01 |
| Percent calories from fat (%) | 36 ± 6.6 | 43 ± 5.8 | 36 ± 3.9 | 34 ± 4.9 | 28.6 ± 8.5 | 36.3 ± 5.6 | <0.01 |
| Percent calories from protein (%) | 16 ± 3.9 | 20 ± 4.9 | 18 ± 4.4 | 18 ± 5.4 | 12 ± 2.5 | 18 ± 4.5 | <0.01 |
| Total carbohydrate (g) | 249 ± 86 | 171 ± 78 | 187 ± 87 | 245 ± 98 | 275 ± 76 | 223 ± 77 | 0.06 |
| Total fiber (g) | 26 ± 15 | 9 ± 4 | 22 ± 12 | 27 ± 14 | 41 ± 17 | 25 ± 17 | <0.01 |
| Insoluble (g) | 19 ± 12 | 4.9 ± 2.7a | 16 ± 9.4 | 20 ± 12 | 32 ± 14 | 17 ± 12 | <0.01 |
| Soluble (g) | 6.9 ± 3.3 | 4.4 ± 2.1 | 5.9 ± 2.5 | 6.7 ± 2.5 | 9.3 ± 4.1 | 7.5 ± 5.3 | 0.02 |
| Total fat (g) | 81 ± 35 | 89 ± 24 | 74 ± 19 | 77 ± 29 | 65 ± 33 | 84 ± 35 | 0.42 |
| Saturated fat (g) | 31 ± 13 | 33 ± 12 | 24 ± 7 | 26 ± 10 | 17 ± 13 | 28 ± 13 | 0.03 |
| Total pro (g) | 85 ± 29 | 88 ± 20 | 79 ± 12 | 84 ± 20 | 65 ± 18 | 88 ± 24 | 0.13 |
| Animal protein (g) | 54 ± 30 | 69 ± 22 | 48 ± 18 | 49 ± 24 | 2 ± 2 | 55 ± 25 | <0.01 |
| Vegetable protein (g) | 38 ± 16 | 19 ± 7 | 31 ± 13 | 37 ± 22 | 56 ± 23 | 31 ± 16 | <0.01 |
| Protein sulfur (g) | 0.7 ± 0.3 | 0.8 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.2 | 0.4 ± 0.1a | 0.7 ± 0.2 | <0.01 |
Values presented as mean ± standard deviation.
a
Differs from baseline.