TABLE 1.

Definition of frailty and its binary criteria used in the BHS-7 study.

Binary criteria	Method and cut points	Binary criteria	Method and cut points
Weight loss	Weight lost >10 pounds in the prior year (if missing, calibrate it by the generated weight loss speed per month from original weight variable)	Low energy expenditure	Total caloric expenditure based on self-report of physical activities in a typical week in past month from Yale questionnaire (kcal/week). Month 0 refers pre-fracture. kcals expenditure/week <465
Slowness in gait speed	Speed of walking 3 m Speed ≤0.65 m/s for female height ≤ 159 cm, or male height ≤ 173 cm Speed ≤0.76 m/s for female height > 159 cm, or male height > 173 cm	Weakness in grip strength	Best grip strength among six trials (three left and three right, in kg) Female: ≤17 kg for BMI ≤ 23 ≤17.3 for 23 < BMI ≤ 26 ≤18 for 26 < BMI ≤ 29 ≤21 for BMI > 29 Male: ≤29 kg for BMI ≤ 24 ≤30 for 24 < BMI ≤ 26 ≤30 for 26 < BMI ≤ 28 ≤32 for BMI > 28
Exhaustion	Evaluation of 2 statements from the Center for Epidemiological Studies—Depression scale (CESD) Self-report of either of: (1) I feel everything I did was an effort? (2) I could not get going?	Frailty status	≥3 criteria presented Including weight loss, weak grip strength, slow walking speed, and low energy expenditure, and exhaustion