Table 7.
Macronutrient (g) and micronutrient (mg) daily intake according to anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of the sample (only data comparisons presenting significant differences are shown). Data are presented as mean [standard deviation] (95% confidence interval)
| Macronutrients: proteins, carbohydrates, simple sugars, lipids, SFA, MUFA, PUFA, trans-fatty acids, cholesterol§, fibre and alcohol | Micronutrients: vitamin A§§, vitamin C, vitamin D§§, vitamin E, Ca, Fe, Na, K, Mg and I§§ | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics | |||||
| Gender | Vitamin C, P = 0·011† | ||||
| Male | 72·9 [49·1] (58·3−87·4) | ||||
| Female | 100·7 [63·8] (87·0−114·4) | ||||
| Kitchen appliances: gas cooker | PUFA, P = 0·004† | ||||
| No | 12·5 [5·0] (10·6−14·4) | ||||
| Yes | 13·2 [10·9] (11·0−15·3) | ||||
| Kitchen appliances: electric cooker | PUFA, P = 0·010† | ||||
| No | 13·5 [11·6] (11·1−16·0) | ||||
| Yes | 12·0 [4·8] (10·6−13·5) | ||||
| Kitchen appliances: freezer | Vitamin A, P = 0·012† | ||||
| No | 708·2 [321·0] (608·1−808·2) | ||||
| Yes | 907·7 [533·8] (795·9−1019·5) | ||||
| Kitchen appliances: other kitchen devices | Simple sugars, P = 0·028‡ | Vitamin A,P = 0·005† | |||
| No | 84·5 [33·5] (75·6−93·5) | 729·7 [372·7] (629·9−829·5) | |||
| Yes | 100·0 [46·6] (89·4−110·7) | 928·6 [539·2] (805·3−1051·8) | |||
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||
| Smoking habits | Carbohydrates, P = 0·010‡ | Simple sugars, P = 0·020‡ | Ca, P = 0·009† | ||
| 0−5 cigarettes per day | 207·1 [61·0] (195·8−218·5) | 96·9 [42·0] (89·1−104·8) | 691·1 [252·7] (644·0−738·2) | ||
| >5 cigarettes per day | 168·2 [52·1] (143·0−193·3) | 72·8 [37·4] (54·7−90·8) | 577·7 [324·7] (421·2−734·2) | ||
| Artificial sweetener consumption | Lipids, P = 0·031† | SFA, P = 0·025† | Vitamin E, P = 0·030† | Ca, P = 0·040† | |
| No | 85·1 [34·7] (79·0−91·2) | 29·6 [12·5] (27·5−31·8) | 8·1 [5·0] (7·3−9·0) | 628·6 [267·5] (635·6−729·6) | |
| Yes | 57·9 [8·2] (47·7−68·1) | 19·4 [2·6] (16·2−22·5) | 4·7 [1·3] (3·1−6·3) | 476·0 [95·2] (357·8−594·2) | |
| PUFA, P = 0·043† | Na, P = 0·004† | I, P = 0·027† | |||
| No | 13·2 [10·0] (11·5−15·0) | 2019·0 [733·0] (1890·5−2148·0) | 62·4 [25·6] (57·9−66·9) | ||
| Yes | 7·8 [2·7] (4·4−11·2) | 1193·0 [207·1] (936·2−1450·6) | 43·6 [7·8] (33·9−53·3) | ||
| Consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements | Trans-fatty acids, P = 0·034† | Alcohol, P = 0·009† | |||
| No | 0·04 [0·09] (0·02−0·05) | 0·1 [0·7] (0·0−0·3) | |||
| Yes | 0·07 [0·10] (0·03−0·11) | 0·2 [0·4] (0·0−0·3) | |||
| Place to eat on weekdays | Carbohydrates, P = 0·008‡ | Lipids, P = 0·007† | Vitamin E, p<0·001† | ||
| Own or family home | 170·4 [43·5] (151·1−189·6) | 68·2 [25·6] (56·9−79·5) | 5·3 [2·7] (4·1−6·5) | ||
| Outside home | 207·8 [62·5] (196·0−219·6) | 87·3 [35·2] (80·6−93·9) | 8·6 [5·2] (7·6−9·5) | ||
| Trans-fatty acids, P = 0·041† | Fibre, P = 0·047† | Na, P = 0·023† | |||
| Own or family home | 0·01 [0·05] (0·00−0·03) | 13·5 [5·2] (11·2−15·8) | 1708·3 [692·0] (1401·5−2015·1) | ||
| Outside home | 0·05 [0·10] (0·03−0·07) | 15·2 [4·6] (14·4−16·1) | 2043·9 [735·9] (1904·8−2183·0) | ||
| MUFA, P = 0·014† | PUFA, p<0·001† | ||||
| Own or family home | 27·8 [11·4] (22·8−32·9) | 9·0 [5·0] (6·8−11·2) | |||
| Outside home | 35·8 [16·1] (32·8−38·9) | 13·8 [10·4] (11·8−15·8) | |||
| Type of cuisine | Trans-fatty acids, P = 0·024† | ||||
| Cooked at parents’ home | 0·02 [0·06] (0·01−0·04) | ||||
| Not cooked at parents’ home | 0·06 [0·12] (0·03−0·09) | ||||
| Diseases | |||||
| Diseases | Trans-fatty acids, P = 0·026† | ||||
| No | 0·05 [0·10] (0·03−0·07) | ||||
| Yes | 0·00 [0·01] (0·00−0·01) | ||||
| Overweight/obesity | Trans-fatty acids , P = 0·026† | Ca, P = 0·049† | |||
| No | 0·04 [0·09] (0·02−0·06) | 688·4 [268·1] (639·9−736·8) | |||
| Yes | 0·00 [0·00] (0·00−0·00) | 538·8 [205·6] (408·2−669·4) | |||
†
Mann–Whitney U test.
‡
Student’s t test.
§
mg/d.
§§
µg/d.