Table 8.
Daily intake (g) for each food group of the dietary patterns according to anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics and lifestyle habits of the sample (only data comparisons presenting significant differences are shown). Data are presented as mean [standard deviation] (95% confidence interval)
| Traditional food: legumes, spices, vegetables and tubers, olives and olive oil and lamb | Transitional food: nuts, fish and shellfish and beef meat | European breakfast: fruit and natural orange juice, sugars, pastries and chocolate and dairy products | Western food: soft drinks and packaged juice, poultry and ready-to-eat products | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anthropometric and sociodemographic characteristics | |||||||
| Gender | Fish and shellfish, P < 0·001* | ||||||
| Male | 18·6 [60·8] (0·5−36·6) | ||||||
| Female | 50·3 [80·3] (33·1−67·5) | ||||||
| Age (years): two categories | Soft drinks and p. j., P = 0·017* | ||||||
| ≤21 | 171·2 [174·5] (139·8−202·6) | ||||||
| >21 | 309·1 [193·4] (179·2−439·0) | ||||||
| Birthplace | Olives and olive oil, P = 0·024* | Lamb, P = 0·017* | |||||
| North | 18·7 [18·3] (14·7−22·7) | 19·7 [41·8] (10·6−28·9) | |||||
| Centre-south | 23·2 [14·0] (19·1−27·2) | 12·2 [58·5] (0·0−29·0) | |||||
| Kitchen appliances: gas cooker | Fish and shellfish, P = 0·039* | Ready-to-eat products, P = 0·012* | |||||
| No | 50·9 [75·7] (22·1−79·7) | 22·7 [18·3] (15·8−29·7) | |||||
| Yes | 35·9 [75·3] (21·2−50·7) | 43·3 [56·0] (32·4−54·2) | |||||
| Kitchen appliances: electric cooker | Fish and shellfish, P = 0·028* | Ready-to-eat products, P = 0·011* | |||||
| No | 34·8 [76·2] (18·7−51·0) | 44·4 [58·7] (32·0−56·8) | |||||
| Yes | 48·0 [73·8] (25·6−70·5) | 27·5 [26·8] (19·4−35·7) | |||||
| Kitchen appliances: refrigerator | Olives and olive oil, P = 0·011* | ||||||
| No | 29·5 [25·7] (18·4−40·6) | ||||||
| Yes | 18·4 [13·8] (15·8−21·0) | ||||||
| Kitchen appliances: microwave | Lamb, P = 0·025* | ||||||
| No | 31·9 [78·4] (5·8−58·1) | ||||||
| Yes | 11·1 [28·5] (5·3−16·9) | ||||||
| Lifestyle characteristics | |||||||
| Smoking habits | Dairy products, P = 0·015† | ||||||
| 0−5 cigarettes per day | 209·6 [137·7] (183·9−235·2) | ||||||
| >5 cigarettes per day | 294·9 [155·8] (219·9−370·0) | ||||||
| Level of physical activity | Nuts, P = 0·044* | Ready-to-eat products, P = 0·017* | |||||
| Sedentary or low active | 0·6 [3·9] (0·0−1·9) | 52·6 [76·4] (27·1−78·0) | |||||
| Active or very active | 2·7 [11·3] (0·4−5·0) | 33·4 [35·6] (26·2−40·7) | |||||
| Weight-loss diets | Olives and olive oil, P = 0·045* | Poultry, P = 0·005* | |||||
| No | 21·3 [17·4] (18·1−24·5) | 49·0 [55·8] (38·7−59·2) | |||||
| Yes | 13·3 [11·0] (7·4−19·2) | 14·6 [16·6] (5·8−23·5) | |||||
| Alcohol consumption | Sugars, pastries and chocolate, P = 0·016* | Dairy products, P = 0·011† | |||||
| No | 90·2 [62·0] (79·1−101·3) | 213·3 [137·3] (188·8−237·8) | |||||
| Yes | 136·9 [54·4] (95·2−178·7) | 338·0 [176·8] (202·2−473·9) | |||||
| Artificial sweetener consumption | Poultry, P = 0·020* | ||||||
| No | 46·4 [54·2] (36·9−55·9) | ||||||
| Yes | 4·9 [10·9] (0·0−18·4) | ||||||
| Consumption of vitamin and mineral supplements | Sugars, pastries and chocolate, P = 0·001* | ||||||
| No | 84·7 [60·8] (73·0−96·5) | ||||||
| Yes | 127·0 [58·0] (104·1−150·0) | ||||||
| Place to eat on weekends | Sugars, pastries and chocolate, P = 0·024* | ||||||
| Own or family home | 88·7 [62·8] (76·7−100·6) | ||||||
| Outside home | 114·7 [57·3] (90·5−138·9) | ||||||
| Regular meal times | Vegetables and tubers, P = 0·021* | ||||||
| No | 46·9 [49·7] (1·0−92·8) | ||||||
| Yes | 109·8 [77·8] (96·0−123·6) | ||||||
| Type of cuisine | Nuts, P = 0·023* | Sugars, pastries and chocolate, P = 0·043* | Ready-to-eat products, P = 0·025* | ||||
| Cooked at parents’ home | 0·9 [4·3] (0·0−1·9) | 90·2 [62·0] (79·1−101·3) | 34·9 [59·0] (20·7−49·0) | ||||
| Not cooked at parents’ home | 3·5 [13·4] (0·1−6·8) | 136·9 [54·4] (95·2−178·7) | 43·1 [40·1] (33·0−53·2) | ||||
| Diseases | |||||||
| Diseases | Spices, P = 0·046* | Olives and olive oil, P < 0·001* | Dairy products, P = 0·017† | ||||
| No | 2·9 [1·7] (2·6−3·2) | 22·1 [16·9] (18·9−25·3) | 209·0 [132·4] (184·1−233·9) | ||||
| Yes | 2·2 [1·6] (1·4−2·9) | 11·2 [14·2] (4·7−17·7) | 289·6 [178·5] (208·3−370·8) | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | Spices, P = 0·046* | ||||||
| No | 2·8 [1·7] (2·5−3·1) | ||||||
| Yes | 1·3 [0·6] (0·5−2·1) | ||||||
| Overweight/obesity | Nuts, P = 0·012* | Fish and shellfish, P = 0·045* | |||||
| No | 1·1 [4·3] (0·3−1·9) | 41·1 [75·8] (27·4−54·8) | |||||
| Yes | 12·3 [28·8] (0·0−30·6) | 20·6 [71·4] (0·0−66·0) | |||||
*
Mann–Whitney U test.
†
Student’s t test.