Table 1.
Cells involved in pathogenesis and progression of Diabetic Retinopathy
| Cell | Subtype | Factor | DM | NPDR | PDR | Location | Study | Host |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neutrophil – Lymphocyte ratio | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | Blood | Wang et al 2015 | Human |
| Neutrophil (CD11b+MPO+) | NET | NADPH oxidase | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ | Blood | Wang et al 2019 | Human |
| - | - | ↑ | Vitreous | Human | ||||
| ↑ | - | - | Blood, Retina, Vitreous | Rat | ||||
| NET | IL-6 | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Menegazzo et al 2015 | Human | |
| T lymphocytes (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg, Tfh) | Tfh cells (PD-1+ CXCR5+CD4+) | Bcl-6, IL-21 | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Liu et al 2020 | Humans and mice |
| Th | IL-17 and IL-22 | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Taguchi et al 2020 | Mice | |
| VEGF, I-CAM | ↑ | Vitreous | ||||||
| Th | IL 17A | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | Blood | Chen et al 2016 | Human | |
| Th | IL-4, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-31, TNFα | - | ↑↑ | Vitreous | Takeuchi et al 2015 | |||
| Th | IL-17, IL-10, IL-22, TNFα | - | ↑ | ↑↑ | Vitreous | Takeuchi et al 2017 | ||
| Th 17 | IL-35 | - | - | ↓ | Blood | Yan et al 2022 | ||
| IL-17 | ↑ | |||||||
| Treg (CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+) | Percentage of Treg | ↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | Blood | Yang et al 2015 | ||
| miR-155, | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | |||||
| TGF-β | ↓ | ↓↓ | ↓↓↓ | |||||
| Treg | CTLA-4 gene polymorphism | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Douroudis et al 2009 | ||
| Treg | CTLA-4 49A/G polymorphism | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Caputo et al 2005 | ||
| Treg | CTLA-4 polymorphism | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Shih et al 2018 | ||
| Treg | CTLA-4 49A/G polymorphism | Not a risk factor | - | - | Blood | Uzer et al 2010 | ||
| Treg | CTLA4 Alanine 17 | Not a risk factor | - | - | Blood | Rau et al 2001 | ||
| NK T cells (CD3+CD56+) | IL-4, IFNγ | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Lv et al 2018 | ||
| CD3+ | L-Selectin | ↑ | - | - | Blood | MacKinnon et al 2004 | ||
| B lymphocyte (CD19+CD20+) | Autoreactive B cells | - | ↑ | - | - | Blood | Menard et al 2011 | Human |
| B cell | IgA, IgM, | ↑ | - | - | Vitreous | Liu 2020 | ||
| B cell | IL-10 | ↓ | - | - | Wang et al 2017 | |||
| miR-19a | ↑ | |||||||
| Monocytes/Macrophage (CD11b+CD68+) | MIF, MCP-1 | - | - | ↑ | ↑↑ | Aqueous | Tashimo et al 2004 | Human |
| CD11b+CD68+ | CCL2, F4/80 | ↑ | ↑ | - | Retina | Rangasamay et al 2014 | Rats | |
| MCP-1 | TNF-α | ↑ | - | - | Retina | Dong et al 2014 | ||
| Monocyte | Cathepsin D | ↑ | ↑ | ↑ | Retina | Monickraj et al 2016 | Humans and mice |
DM - Diabetes Mellitus
NPDR - Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
PDR - Proliferative diabetic retinopathy
NET - neutrophil extracellular traps
NADPH - nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
IL - Interleukin
Tfh - follicular helper T cells
Bcl6 - B-cell lymphoma 6
Treg - regulatory T cells
miR - microRNA
ICAM-1-intercellular adhesion molecule-1
VEGF - Vascular endothelial growth factor
TGF β-Transforming Growth Factor β
CTLA - Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen
NK T cells - Natural killer T cells
IFNγ - Interferon γ
MIF - Macrophage migration inhibiting factor
CCL2 - Chemokine ligand 2
F4/80 - Macrophage marker
MCP-1 - Monocyte chemotactic protein-1
TNF-α-Tumor necrosis factor-α