Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of study participants by Healthy Lifestyle Score (HLS)*
| HLS (n = 2981) | P-value | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0–1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5–6 | |||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | ||
| n | 238 | 718 | 984 | 753 | 288 | ||||||
| % | 8.0 | 24.1 | 33.0 | 25.2 | 9.7 | ||||||
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| Men (n = 954) | |||||||||||
| n | 36 | 235 | 342 | 235 | 106 | ||||||
| % | 15.1 | 32.7 | 34.8 | 31.2 | 36.8 | ||||||
| Age (years) | 60.4 | 6.2 | 60.8 | 6.0 | 60.8 | 6.1 | 60.4 | 5.5 | 60.3 | 5.3 | 0.375 |
| Body weight (kg) | 59.3 | 8.2 | 60.1 | 9.6 | 59.4 | 9.9 | 58.3 | 9.5 | 58.1 | 9.0 | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 | 2.9 | 24.2 | 3.0 | 23.5 | 3.0 | 22.8 | 2.7 | 22.1 | 2.3 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 87.5 | 9.0 | 86.4 | 8.4 | 84.6 | 8.5 | 83.2 | 8.1 | 81.6 | 7.4 | 0.062 |
| Household income | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| <2000 Yuan/month per person | 60 | 25.2 | 127 | 17.7 | 151 | 15.3 | 110 | 14.6 | 43 | 14.9 | |
| 2000–3000 Yuan/month per person | 100 | 42.0 | 255 | 35.5 | 416 | 42.3 | 299 | 39.7 | 111 | 38.5 | |
| >3000 Yuan/month per person | 78 | 32.8 | 336 | 46.8 | 417 | 42.4 | 344 | 45.7 | 134 | 46.5 | |
| Education (years) | <0.001 | ||||||||||
| <9 | 101 | 42.4 | 232 | 32.3 | 259 | 26.3 | 165 | 21.9 | 50 | 17.4 | |
| 9–12 | 107 | 45.0 | 346 | 48.2 | 465 | 47.3 | 371 | 49.3 | 150 | 52.1 | |
| >12 | 30 | 12.6 | 140 | 19.5 | 260 | 26.4 | 217 | 28.8 | 88 | 30.6 | |
| Married | 202 | 84.9 | 643 | 89.6 | 874 | 88.8 | 665 | 88.3 | 253 | 87.8 | 0.394 |
| History of using statins | 40 | 16.8 | 105 | 14.6 | 116 | 11.8 | 85 | 11.3 | 35 | 12.2 | 0.087 |
| Smoker† | 169 | 71.0 | 394 | 54.9 | 292 | 29.7 | 96 | 12.7 | 0 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity‡ (min/week) | 52.8 | 125 | 105 | 200 | 201 | 251 | 321 | 261 | 449 | 246 | <0.001 |
| Energy intake (kcal/d) | 1430 | 390 | 1523 | 425 | 1585 | 466 | 1660 | 461 | 1799 | 479 | <0.001 |
| Components of modified aMed score | |||||||||||
| Whole grains§ (g/d) | 2.9 | 3.2 | 4.76 | 13.9 | 5.2 | 13.1 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 6.51 | 5.6 | 0.003 |
| Vegetables (excluded potatoes) (g/d) | 22.9 | 9.1 | 24.8 | 10.8 | 26.8 | 11.8 | 30.7 | 12.1 | 34.8 | 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Fruits (included juices) (g/d) | 17.2 | 11.0 | 19.2 | 18.6 | 21.7 | 29.1 | 25.5 | 14.0 | 29.2 | 14.1 | <0.001 |
| Legumes|| (g/d) | 3.7 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 5.7 | <0.001 |
| Nuts (g/d) | 2.4 | 5.8 | 2.4 | 3.1 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 4.6 | <0.001 |
| Fish (g/d) | 10.7 | 22.1 | 10.5 | 7.6 | 12.2 | 19.1 | 13.2 | 10.3 | 16.2 | 12.3 | <0.001 |
| MUFA/SFA | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.808 |
| Red and processed meats (g/d) | 30.1 | 25.5 | 29.9 | 16.8 | 30.3 | 16.4 | 29.8 | 19.5 | 28.9 | 16.7 | 0.668 |
| High adherence of modified aMed score | 17 | 7.1 | 104 | 14.5 | 324 | 32.9 | 488 | 64.8 | 288 | 100.0 | <0.001 |
| Insomnia¶ | 69 | 29.0 | 59 | 8.2 | 39 | 4.0 | 11 | 1.5 | 0 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Anxiety neurosis** | 116 | 48.7 | 104 | 14.5 | 69 | 7.0 | 14 | 1.9 | 0 | 0.0 | <0.001 |
| Ultrasound-based NAFLD | 142 | 59.7 | 409 | 57.0 | 505 | 51.3 | 355 | 47.1 | 104 | 36.1 | <0.001 |
| Women | |||||||||||
| Menopause age (years) | 46.5 | 12.6 | 48.9 | 8.1 | 48.7 | 8.7 | 48.7 | 8.6 | 48.9 | 9.1 | 0.005 |
| Oestrogen user | 10 | 5.2 | 20 | 4.3 | 45 | 7.2 | 38 | 7.5 | 20 | 10.5 | 0.035 |
Modified aMed score, modified alternate Mediterranean diet score; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Continuous variables were presented as mean and sd, while categorical variables as frequency and percentage. The differences in baseline data among HLS groups were tested by ANOVA or the χ 2 test as appropriate.
Smoking included both active (cigarettes consumption ≥ 100 in the past year) and passive (cigarettes exposure ≥ 1/d in the past year).
Physical activity included middle and vigorous activities during occupation, leisure time and household chores.
Refers to non-refined cereals, such as graham bread, oats, cereal flakes, etc., calculated as dry weight.
Values were calculated and expressed as proteins.
Subjects who had insomnia for more than 6 months.
Subjects whose Self-Rating Anxiety Scale ≥ 50.