Table 1.
Summary statistics for PFAS measured in this study.1
| PFAS | Detection Frequency2 [%] |
Mean pM concentration (±SD) [ng L−1]3 | Mean composition (±SD) [%] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFFF watershed (n = 41) |
non-AFFF watershed (n = 13) |
Mann-Whitney U Test4 [U-value] |
AFFF watershed (n = 41) |
non-AFFF watershed (n = 13) |
Mann-Whitney U Test4 [U-value] |
||
| Σ 13 PFAA 5 | 100 | 600±273 [236] | 35.0±6.0 [11] | *** [0] | 80±5 | 74±16 | [217] |
| PFBA | 83 | 25.8±14.3 [5] | 6.05±1.99 [1] | *** [10] | 4±2 | 13±5 | *** [21] |
| PFPeA | 91 | 61.6±40.8 [16] | 4.60±1.37 [1] | *** [0] | 8±4 | 10±3 | * [149] |
| PFHxA | 98 | 67.6±41.7 [21] | 4.84±2.63 [2] | *** [0] | 9±2 | 10±5 | [254] |
| PFHpA | 87 | 28.6±15.2 [10] | 2.21±0.75 [1] | *** [0] | 4±1 | 5±1 | [177] |
| PFOA | 94 | 40.7±16.6 [17] | 2.95±1.28 [1] | *** [1] | 6±1 | 6±3 | [228] |
| PFNA | 83 | 28.4±22.1 [13] | 0.78±0.39 [0.4] | *** [0] | 4±3 | 2±1 | ** [126] |
| PFBS | 100 | 12.8±3.27 [4] | 6.06±1.69 [2] | *** [20] | 2±1 | 13±3 | *** [2] |
| PFPeS | 81 | 12.3±5.3 [4] | 1.57±0.67 [1] | *** [3] | 2±0 | 4±2 | ** [119] |
| l-PFHxS | 100 | 131±99 [52] | 1.96±0.65 [1] | *** [0] | 17±5 | 4±1 | *** [4] |
| br-PFHxS | 80 | 21.5±15.9 [9] | 2.03±0.96 [1] | *** [7] | 3±1 | 4±2 | * [169] |
| PFHpS | 80 | 4.83±2.83 [2] | 0.47±0.22 [0.2] | *** [6] | 1±0 | 1±1 | [204] |
| l-PFOS | 98 | 117±71 [58] | 0.71±0.21 [0.4] | *** [0] | 15±5 | 2±1 | *** [0] |
| br-PFOS | 96 | 47.5±23.2 [24] | 0.74±0.20 [0.4] | *** [0] | 6±2 | 2±1 | *** [2] |
| ΣPrecursors 5 | 100 | 157±113 | 14.5±11.7 | *** [8] | 20±5 | 26±16 | [217] |
| 4:2 FT | 100 | 5.77±3.01 | 3.50±4.40 | *** [95] | 1±1 | 6±6 | *** [22] |
| 6:2 FT | 100 | 15.6±34.8 | 1.02±1.55 | *** [24] | 2±4 | 2±3 | [266] |
| 8:2 FT | 100 | 8.7±24.4 | 0.75±1.56 | *** [73] | 1±2 | 2±3 | [210] |
| C4 ECF | 100 | 23.1±16.4 | 4.54±4.78 | *** [36] | 3±1 | 8±7 | ** [128] |
| C5 ECF | 100 | 12.6±9.2 | 0.72±0.60 | *** [4] | 2±0 | 1±1 | * [166] |
| C6 ECF | 100 | 86.8±63.6 | 1.35±2.05 | *** [0] | 11±3 | 2±3 | *** [32] |
| C7 ECF | 100 | 1.55±1.01 | 0.70±0.92 | *** [107] | 0±0 | 1±1 | *** [38] |
| C8 ECF | 100 | 2.43±1.76 | 1.88±3.23 | ** [130] | 0±0 | 3±5 | [260] |
1
Data reported are for PFAS detected in greater than 70% of samples.
2
Across all samples collected in this study.
3
Mean concentrations for targeted PFAA in ng L−1 are presented in square brackets.
4
Levels of statistical significance:
*=
p ≤ 0.05,
**=
p ≤ 0.01,
***=
p ≤ 0.001
5
PFAA concentrations were quantitated from targeted analysis while precursor concentrations were inferred from the TOP assay.