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. 2024 Apr 23;25(9):4615. doi: 10.3390/ijms25094615

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© 2024 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Funnel plot for two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses of the causal effect of type 2 diabetes mellitus on pancreatic cancer. (A) Comprehensive model of the FinnGen dataset. (B) Comprehensive model of the UK Biobank dataset. (C) Comprehensive model of the FinnGen and UK Biobank combined dataset. (D) Restricted model of the FinnGen dataset. (E) Restricted model of the UK Biobank dataset. (F) Restricted model of the FinnGen and UK Biobank combined dataset. MR: Mendelian randomization; βIV: beta coefficient of each instrumental variable, which indicates the estimated effect of each SNP on the exposure variable; 1/SEIV: the inverse of the standard error of the βIV estimation, which indicates the precision or uncertainty of these estimates.