Table 2.

Randomized Phase II or Phase III studies on NAT for borderline resectable PC.

Author	Year	Intervention	Comparator	Primary Outcome	Number of Patients	Resection Rate	R0 Resection Rate ITT	OS
Jang et al. [37]	2018	GEM + RT + adjuvant GEM	Upfront surgery + adjuvant GEM	2-year survival	27 vs. 23	63.0% vs. 78.3%	51.8% vs. 26.1% *	MST: 21 mo vs. 12 mo HR: 0.51 (0.27–0.93) *
Yamaguchi et al. [39] (NUPAT 01)	2022	mFOLFIRINOX	GEM + nab-PTX	R0 resection rate	26 vs. 25	88.5% vs. 80.0%	73.1% vs. 56.0%	3-year OS: 55.3% vs. 54.4% HR: 0.95 (0.39–2.29)
Katz et al. [38] (Alliance A021501)	2022	mFOLFIRINOX + adjuvant FOLFOX6	mFOLFIRINOX + RT + adjuvant FOLFOX6	18-month survival	65 vs. 55	49% vs. 35%		18-month OS: 66.7% vs. 47.3% MST: 29.8 mo vs. 17.1 mo
Hewitt et al. [36]	2022	FOLFIRINOX or GEM + nab-PTX + HAPa	FOLFIRINOX or GEM + nab-PTX + 5-FU-based CRT	OS	145 vs. 158	23% vs. 26%		MST: 14.3 mo vs. 14.9 mo HR: 1.02 (0.66–1.58)
Ghaneh et al. [35] (ESPAC 05)	2023	Arm 1: immediate surgery Arm 2: GEM + capecitabine Arm 3: FOLFIRINOX Arm 4: capecitabine + RT		Recruitment rate Resection rate	33 vs. 20 vs. 20 vs. 17	55% † vs. 68%	23% † vs. 14%	1-year OS *: 39% vs. 78% vs. 84% vs. 60%

GEM, gemcitabine; nab-PTX, nab-paclitaxel; HAP-a, HyperAcute-Pancreas; RT, radiotherapy; OS, overall survival; HR: hazard ratio; MST, median survival time; R0 resection, complete resection; FU, fluorouracil; CRT, chemoradiotherapy; mo, month(s); ITT, intention-to-treat. *: statistically significant, †: neoadjuvant groups combined.