Figure 6.

The antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine partially restores the metabolic function of L-GA-treated neuroblastoma cells. Polar metabolites were extracted from IMR-32 and SH-SY5Y cell lines following treatment of 1 mM L-GA or 1 mM L-GA + 5 mM NAC for 1 and 16 h and 10 min labeling with U-¹³C-glucose. Samples were processed via GC-MS and analyzed to attain the peak area and label incorporation to calculate the labeled area for each metabolite. Bar charts depict the mean labeled ¹³C quantity (labeledarea/$1\times {10}^6$ cells) (m/z +3). Error bars represent ±SEM, (n = 3–4, except IMR-32: Glyc3P, 1hr L-GA+NAC (n = 1)). p-values were calculated using ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. * $p\le$0.05; ** $p\le$0.01; **** $p\le$0.0001.