Figure 2.

Muscle stem cell dysfunction in DMD. Satellite cell expansion through symmetric and asymmetric division is critical to maintaining a muscle stem cell pool while providing a committed progenitor population for muscle regeneration. The imbalance of these processes in DMD leads to stem cell accumulation with insufficient progenitors. In addition, other aspects of stem cell dysfunction, including senescence and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species, collectively contribute to the impaired regenerative capacity in DMD. Arrows denote activation, and blocked lines denote repression.