Table 1.
Patient demographics and baseline characteristics
| Characteristic (Mean ± SD) |
SHR | p value2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall, N = 23121 | Quartile 1, N = 5781 | Quartile 2, N = 5781 | Quartile 3, N = 5781 | Quartile 4, N = 5781 | ||
| Age (years) | 65 ± 15 | 65 ± 14 | 65 ± 15 | 66 ± 15 | 64 ± 14 | 0.244 |
| Weight (kg) | 87 ± 26 | 87 ± 29 | 87 ± 24 | 86 ± 24 | 87 ± 25 | 0.588 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 127 ± 26 | 127 ± 24 | 127 ± 25 | 128 ± 26 | 125 ± 26 | 0.169 |
| Heart Rate | 90 ± 21 | 86 ± 20 | 88 ± 21 | 92 ± 20 | 94 ± 21 | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate | 20.0 ± 6.2 | 19.4 ± 6.3 | 20.0 ± 6.0 | 20.3 ± 6.1 | 20.3 ± 6.4 | 0.058 |
| WBC (10^9/L) | 13 ± 7 | 11 ± 7 | 12 ± 7 | 14 ± 8 | 15 ± 8 | < 0.001 |
| RBC (10^9/L) | 3.82 ± 0.79 | 3.86 ± 0.77 | 3.82 ± 0.74 | 3.85 ± 0.79 | 3.75 ± 0.86 | 0.078 |
| PLT (10^9/L) | 213 ± 103 | 219 ± 109 | 208 ± 95 | 214 ± 108 | 210 ± 101 | 0.241 |
| Sodium (mmol/L) | 138.4 ± 5.6 | 139.2 ± 4.9 | 138.5 ± 5.2 | 138.4 ± 5.5 | 137.8 ± 6.6 | < 0.001 |
| Potassium(mmol/L) | 4.22 ± 0.81 | 4.19 ± 0.75 | 4.17 ± 0.78 | 4.17 ± 0.79 | 4.36 ± 0.90 | < 0.001 |
| Total calcium (mmol/L) | 8.34 ± 0.86 | 8.39 ± 0.79 | 8.38 ± 0.79 | 8.35 ± 0.92 | 8.25 ± 0.92 | 0.030 |
| Anion gap (mmol/L) | 15.9 ± 4.4 | 14.9 ± 4.0 | 15.2 ± 3.9 | 16.0 ± 4.0 | 17.4 ± 5.1 | < 0.001 |
| PH | 7.37 ± 0.10 | 7.38 ± 0.08 | 7.39 ± 0.09 | 7.37 ± 0.09 | 7.33 ± 0.11 | < 0.001 |
| PaCO2 (mmHg) | 41 ± 11 | 42 ± 11 | 41 ± 10 | 41 ± 11 | 42 ± 11 | 0.066 |
| PaO2 (mmHg) | 149 ± 111 | 157 ± 112 | 161 ± 120 | 147 ± 107 | 132 ± 103 | < 0.001 |
| Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.71 ± 1.38 | 1.77 ± 1.38 | 2.02 ± 1.46 | 2.92 ± 2.26 | < 0.001 | |
| SaO2 (%) | 96.86 ± 3.94 | 96.94 ± 3.61 | 96.96 ± 3.53 | 96.86 ± 3.45 | 96.70 ± 4.98 | 0.657 |
| INR | 1.40 ± 0.64 | 1.39 ± 0.59 | 1.39 ± 0.72 | 1.35 ± 0.54 | 1.46 ± 0.68 | 0.039 |
| Total bilirubin | 1.23 ± 3.30 | 0.83 ± 1.09 | 1.21 ± 3.26 | 1.28 ± 3.62 | 1.61 ± 4.28 | < 0.001 |
| AST (U/l) | 190 ± 944 | 138 ± 573 | 155 ± 856 | 139 ± 567 | 326 ± 1,470 | < 0.001 |
| Urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 29 ± 22 | 27 ± 22 | 26 ± 20 | 28 ± 24 | 33 ± 23 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.59 ± 1.68 | 1.49 ± 1.55 | 1.51 ± 1.59 | 1.47 ± 1.50 | 1.89 ± 2.00 | < 0.001 |
| SOFA | 5.5 ± 3.3 | 4.8 ± 3.1 | 4.9 ± 3.2 | 5.5 ± 3.3 | 6.6 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Blood glucose (mg/dL) | 177 ± 104 | 115 ± 45 | 139 ± 50 | 172 ± 62 | 283 ± 136 | < 0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.60 ± 1.92 | 7.09 ± 2.30 | 6.37 ± 1.66 | 6.33 ± 1.70 | 6.62 ± 1.86 | < 0.001 |
| Gender | 0.128 | |||||
| Female | 916 (39.62%) | 233 (40.31%) | 209 (36.16%) | 248 (42.91%) | 226 (39.10%) | |
| Male | 1396 (60.38%) | 345 (59.69%) | 369 (63.84%) | 330 (57.09%) | 352 (60.90%) | |
| Hypertension | 0.004 | |||||
| No | 1266 (54.76%) | 314 (54.33%) | 310 (53.63%) | 291 (50.35%) | 351 (60.73%) | |
| Yes | 1046 (45.24%) | 264 (45.67%) | 268 (46.37%) | 287 (49.65%) | 227 (39.27%) | |
| Diabetes II | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1406 (60.81%) | 332 (57.44%) | 392 (67.82%) | 366 (63.32%) | 316 (54.67%) | |
| Yes | 906 (39.19%) | 246 (42.56%) | 186 (32.18%) | 212 (36.68%) | 262 (45.33%) | |
| Diabetes I | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 2240 (96.88%) | 553 (95.67%) | 570 (98.61%) | 572 (98.96%) | 545 (94.29%) | |
| Yes | 72 (3.11%) | 25 (4.32%) | 8 (1.38%) | 6 (1.04%) | 33 (5.71%) | |
| Heart failure | 0.146 | |||||
| No | 1507 (65.18%) | 369 (63.84%) | 391 (67.65%) | 388 (67.13%) | 359 (62.11%) | |
| Yes | 805 (34.82%) | 209 (36.16%) | 187 (32.35%) | 190 (32.87%) | 219 (37.89%) | |
| Malignant tumor | 0.217 | |||||
| No | 2064 (89.27%) | 515 (89.10%) | 515 (89.10%) | 506 (87.54%) | 528 (91.35%) | |
| Yes | 248 (10.73%) | 63 (10.90%) | 63 (10.90%) | 72 (12.46%) | 50 (8.65%) | |
| CKD | 0.091 | |||||
| No | 1862 (80.54%) | 468 (80.97%) | 464 (80.28%) | 482 (83.39%) | 448 (77.51%) | |
| Yes | 450 (19.46%) | 110 (19.03%) | 114 (19.72%) | 96 (16.61%) | 130 (22.49%) | |
| Stroke | 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1985 (85.86%) | 506 (87.54%) | 486 (84.08%) | 475 (82.18%) | 518 (89.62%) | |
| Yes | 327 (14.14%) | 72 (12.46%) | 92 (15.92%) | 103 (17.82%) | 60 (10.38%) | |
| Pneumonia | 0.014 | |||||
| No | 1387 (59.99%) | 335 (57.96%) | 380 (65.74%) | 338 (58.48%) | 334 (57.79%) | |
| Yes | 925 (40.01%) | 243 (42.04%) | 198 (34.26%) | 240 (41.52%) | 244 (42.21%) | |
| Septic shock | 0.003 | |||||
| No | 1940 (83.91%) | 496 (85.81%) | 498 (86.16%) | 489 (84.60%) | 457 (79.07%) | |
| Yes | 372 (16.09%) | 82 (14.19%) | 80 (13.84%) | 89 (15.40%) | 121 (20.93%) | |
| Steroids (glucocorticoid) | 0.029 | |||||
| No | 1958 (84.68%) | 502 (86.85%) | 503 (87.02%) | 476 (82.35%) | 477 (82.53%) | |
| Yes | 354 (15.31%) | 76 (13.15%) | 75 (12.98%) | 102 (17.65%) | 101 (17.47%) | |
SHR: Quartile 1 (0.21–0.915), Quartile 2 (0.915–1.14), Quartile 3 (1.14–1.45), and Quartile 4 (1.45–7.41).
SBP systolic blood pressure, WBC white blood cell count, RBC red blood cell count, PLT platelet count, PaCO2 carbon dioxide pressure, PaO2 arterial oxygen pressure, SaO2 arterial oxygen saturation, INR prothrombin time international normalized ratio, AST aspartate aminotransferase, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, HbA1c glycosylated hemoglobin, CKD chronic kidney disease, Diabetes I type 1 diabetes, Diabetes II type 2 diabetes, SHR stress hyperglycemia ratio