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. 2024 May 10;12:87. doi: 10.1186/s40168-024-01800-5

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 1 — Overview of co-selection between ARGs in the infant gut. A Proportion of contigs carrying different numbers of ARGs. B Taxonomic origin of contigs carrying multiple ARGs with different resistance profiles. C Co-localization bubble chart representing the drug classes related to different ARGs. The number of connections between ARGs targeting different drug classes in the contigs, and the associated enrichment scores, are shown in the figure. On the y-axis, the number to the right of the name indicates the number of other drug classes represented in the co-localization arrangements. The size of the bubble indicates the number of connections in the contigs. The enrichment scores higher than 1 are indicative of enrichment in that co-localization arrangement. A binomial test with FDR adjustment was used to test the statistical significance of enrichment patterns (p < 0.001 was set as the significance cutoff; red square frame represents p < 0.001 and blue square frame represents p > 0.001). A significant p value indicates that the occurrence of that specific pattern of gene co-localization would not be expected by chance. The size of the square frame represents the magnitude of the enrichment score. D The bubble chart represents the drug classes targeted by 167 MDR ARGs. The size of the bubble is proportional to the abundance of MDR ARGs potentially conferred resistance to two drug classes. On the y-axis, the number to the right of the name indicates the number of other drug classes represented in the co-localization arrangements.