Table 2.
Subgroup analysis of the prevalence of HAdV infection among pediatric patients with gastroenteritis
| Group | Number of studies | Pooled prevalence (%) (95%CI) | Heterogeneity test I2%, p-value |
Differences between subgroups; χ2 test (p-value) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall prevalence | - | 155 | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) | 98.63, < 0.001 | |
| Study design | Cross-sectional | 134 | 0.10 (0.08–0.11) | 98.58, < 0.001 | P = 0.01 |
| Case-control | 21 | 0.15 (0.11–0.20) | 97.32, < 0.001 | ||
| Method | Nested PCR | 8 | 0.23 (0.12–0.37) | 98.17, < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Multiplex PCR | 44 | 0.05 (0.04–0.06) | 94.27, < 0.001 | ||
| Real-time PCR | 29 | 0.15 (0.12–0.19) | 98.27, < 0.001 | ||
| Conventional PCR | 61 | 0.09 (0.08–0.11) | 98.09, < 0.001 | ||
| Multiplex Real-time PCR | 13 | 0.17 (0.10–0.26) | 97.74, < 0.001 | ||
| Primer | Universal | 118 | 0.10 (0.09–0.12) | 98.84, < 0.001 | P = 0.60 |
| Group F | 37 | 0.10 (0.08–0.12) | 95.87, < 0.001 | ||
| Sampling time | 1996–2000 | 2 | 0.32 (0.26–0.37) | NA | P < 0.001 |
| 2001–2005 | 16 | 0.08 (0.04–0.12) | 97.74, < 0.001 | ||
| 2006–2010 | 36 | 0.08 (0.06–0.09) | 95.15, < 0.001 | ||
| 2011–2015 | 42 | 0.12 (0.10–0.15) | 98.88, < 0.001 | ||
| 2016–2020 | 51 | 0.11 (0.08–0.13) | 97.21, < 0.001 | ||
| 2021–2022 | 8 | 0.13 (0.06–0.21) | 99.14, < 0.001 | ||
| Continent | South America | 26 | 0.16 (0.10–0.22) | 98.61, < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| Asia | 84 | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 97.70, < 0.001 | ||
| Europe | 18 | 0.09 (0.07–0.12) | 92.45, < 0.001 | ||
| Africa | 9 | 0.20 (0.14–0.26) | 97.93, < 0.001 | ||
| North America | 16 | 0.12 (0.08–0.18) | 96.96, < 0.001 | ||
| Oceania | 2 | 0.19 (0.19–0.20) | NA | ||
| Gender | Male | 19 | 0.08 (0.06–0.11) | 90.64, < 0.001 | P = 0.63 |
| Female | 19 | 0.08 (0.06–0.10) | 87.95, < 0.001 | ||
| Age (month) | 0–6 | 18 | 0.08 (0.05–0.12) | 93.26, < 0.001 | P = 0.56 |
| 7–12 | 17 | 0.09 (0.06–0.13) | 95.36, < 0.001 | ||
| 13–24 | 19 | 0.14 (0.09–0.20) | 95.31, < 0.001 | ||
| 25–36 | 12 | 0.11 (0.04–0.19) | 90.97, < 0.001 | ||
| 37–48 | 8 | 0.10 (0.02–0.22) | 86.23, < 0.001 | ||
| 49–60 | 8 | 0.06 (0.00-0.16) | 80.80, < 0.001 | ||
| Age (year) | 0–5 | 38 | 0.11 (0.08–0.13) | 98.49, < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| 6–18 | 23 | 0.04 (0.02–0.05) | 83.87, < 0.001 | ||
| Patient type | Outpatients | 27 | 0.07 (0.05–0.08) | 95.88, < 0.001 | P = 0.09 |
| Inpatients | 62 | 0.09 (0.07–0.10) | 96.95, < 0.001 | ||
| Species | A | 7 | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 71.62, < 0.001 | P < 0.001 |
| B | 6 | 0.05 (0.01–0.11) | 80.03, < 0.001 | ||
| C | 8 | 0.29 (0.16–0.44) | 88.67, < 0.001 | ||
| D | 5 | 0.09 (0.02–0.19) | 88.08, < 0.001 | ||
| E | 2 | 0.05 (0.01–0.12) | NA | ||
| F | 7 | 0.57 (0.41–0.72) | 89.01, < 0.001 |