Table 3.

Mapping of posttraumatic (PTS) factors

Not statistically significant								FACTORS				Statistically significant
Parent demographic factors
Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Garfield 2015 [27] n = 113	Greene 2019 [29] n = 69	Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	Vinall 2018 [43] n = 36	age	Misund 2013 & 2014 [36, 37] n = 29
				Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Garfield 2015 [27] n = 113	Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	education	Clark 2021 [25] n = 67	Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	Vinall 2018 [43] n = 36
			Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Clark 2021 [25] n = 67	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	Pace 2020 [39] n = 105	sex	Moreyra 2021 [47] n = 150	Naeem 2019 [38] n = 160
					Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	Moreyra 2021 [47] n = 150	ethnicity
								parents ‘area deprivation	Greene 2019 [29] n = 69
							Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	housing and access to transport
								family income	Clark 2021 [25] n = 67
							Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	employment status	Naeem 2019 [38] n = 160
							Malin 2020 [46] n = 164	single parent
							Pace2020 [39] n = 105	family social risk
Pregnancy and birth factors
							Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	parity	Greene 2015 [28] n = 69	Kim 2015 [33] n = 120
					Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	Pace 2020 [39] n = 105	multiple pregnancy
							Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	mode of birth	Misund 2013 & 2014 [36, 37] n = 29
								preeclampsia	Misund 2013 & 2014 [36, 37] n = 29
							Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	threatened preterm labour
							Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	In vitro fertilization
							Sharp 2021 [42] n = 77	traumatic childbirth
Infant demographic factors
			Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	Vinall 2018 [43] n = 36	gestational age	Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146
						Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	birth weight	Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Greene 2019 [29] n = 69	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38
							Williams 2021 [44] n = 119	Apgar score	Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38
						Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Vinall 2018 [43] n = 36	sex
							Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	age
Infant health and care factors
			Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Clark 2021 [25] n = 67	Garfield 2015 [27] n = 113	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Malin 2020 [46] n = 164	clinicians’ perception of infant health	Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Pisoni 2020 [49] n = 29	Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	Williams 2021 [44] n = 119
								parents’ perception of infant health	Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Clark 2021 [25] n = 67	Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	Williams 2021 [44] n = 119
							Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	mother-infant contact
							Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	number of NNU visits
							Pisoni 2020 [49] n = 29	mother-infant relationship
							Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	mother-nurse relationships
				Rodriguez 2020 [40] n = 146	Sharp 2021 [41] n = 77	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	Vinall 2018 [43] n = 36	length of stay in NNU	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91
								intraventricular haemorrhage	Misund 2013 & 2014 [36, 37] n = 29
								ventilation support	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245
								severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245
								vasopressors support	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245
							Clark 2021 [25] n = 67	number of invasive procedures	Vinall 2018 [45] n = 36
							Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy
							Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	palliative care consultation
							Malin 2022 [46] n = 245	seizures
							Pisoni 2020 [49] n = 29	infant’s general development
							Kim 2015 [50] n = 120	rehospitalisation or emergency visits
Parental history of mental health and trauma factors
								history of mental health problems	Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245
								family history of depression / mental health	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Malin 2022 [46] n = 245
							Sharp 2021 [41] n = 77	previous traumatic events	Greene 2015 2019 [28, 29] n = 69	Naeem 2019 [38] n = 160
							Sharp 2021 [41] n = 77	traumatic childbirth
Parental postnatal mental health factors
								postnatal depression	Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Holditch-Davis 2009 [31] n = 117	Jubinville 2012 [32] n = 40	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	Salomè 2022 [48] N = 40
								postnatal anxiety	Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Garfield 2015 [27] n = 113	Holditch-Davis 2009 [31] n = 117	Moreyra 2021 [47] n = 150
							Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	early PTS symptoms	Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38
								other mental health symptoms	Chang 2016 [24] n = 102	Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38
						Parent stress, coping and support factors
							Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	parental stressor scale total score	Sharp 2021 [41] n = 77	Salomè 2022 [48] N = 40
							Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	stress related to infant’s appearance	Holditch-Davis [31] 2009 n = 117
								stress related to NNU sights and sounds	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38
						Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	stress related to role alteration	Holditch-Davis [31] 2009 n = 117
							Shaw 2009 [42] n = 38	stress relating to staff relationships
								concurrent stressors	Lefkowitz 2010 [34] n = 130
							Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91	forward-focused coping style
								maternal optimism	Lotterman 2018 [45] n = 91
							Williams 2021 [44] n = 119	worry about infant’s death
								social support	Eutrope 2014 [26] n = 100	Salomè 2022 [48] n = 40
							Brunson 2021 [23] n = 50	psychological support
						Other factors
							Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	military geographic separation
							Anchan 2021 [22] n = 106	active military service
								spiritual activity	Hawthorne 2016 [30] n = 165
							Hawthorne 2016 [30] n = 165	religious activities