Table 1.
Vaccine-associated ocular inflammation.
| Underlying Mechanism | Ocular Inflammation | Licensed Vaccine * | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Direct infection | ARN, MEWDS, keratitis, iris heterochromia, uveitis | MMR vaccine (Priorix, strain Wistar RA 27/3; GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, Middlesex), nasal spray influenza vaccine ^, rotavirus vaccines (RotaTeq® by Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), yellow fever vaccine ^, live attenuated varicella vaccine (Zostavax® by Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA) | [15,16,17,18,20,21,22,31] | |
| ASIA | Aluminum-related | NMO | HPV vaccine (Gardasil, Merck & Co., Inc., USA) | [32,33] |
| Interactions between adjuvants and adaptive immune components | Uveitis, VKH | HBV vaccine (Recombivax HB and Engerix-B) | [24,30] | |
| AS01B induced | Uveitis, ARN, HZO reactivation, stromal keratitis | VZV vaccine (Shingrix by GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK) | [34,35,36,37,38] | |
| Hypersensitivity | Optic neuritis, NMOSD, MEWDS, ERD | Rabies vaccine (Rabipur® by Hoechst Marion Roussel Ltd, Ankleshwar, Gujarat), influenza vaccines (split, inactivated virions of swine influenza A New Jersey and influenza B Victoria lineages), MMR vaccine ^, HPV vaccine (Gardasil, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA) | [39,40,41,42,43,44] | |
| Molecular mimicry | Optic neuritis, uveitis, APMPPE, TINU syndrome | HPV vaccine (Gardasil, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA), purified hepatitis B vaccine ^ | [41,42,45,46,47] | |
| PEG-induced allergic reactions | Optic neuropathy, VKH, MEWDS, AMN | COVID-19 vaccines (BNT163b2 by Pfizer-BioNTech, BioNTech Manufacturing GmbH, Berlin, Germany, and mRNA-1273, by Moderna Biotech, Madrid, Spain) | [48] | |
| Activation of Type 1 IFN and inflammatory response of RPE cells | MEWDS | [49] | ||
| Free extracellular mRNA | CSR | [50] | ||
| Specific components (thimerosal) | Optic neuritis | Influenza (Vaxigrip by Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France) | [51] | |
* Trade Names as specified by case report or case series. ^ Trade names for vaccines unspecified or unknown in case report or case series. Abbreviations: AMN, acute macular neuroretinopathy; APMPPE, acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy; ARN, acute retinal necrosis; CSR, central serous retinopathy; ERD, exudative retinal detachment; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HPV, human papillomavirus; HZO, herpes zoster ophthalmicus; MEWDS = multiple evanescent white dot syndrome; MMR, measles–mumps–rubella; NMO, neuromyelitis optica; NMOSD, neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder; RPE cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells; TINU, tubulointerstitial nephritis and uveitis; VKH, Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome; VZV = varicella zoster virus; YF, yellow fever; ASIA, autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants; PEG, polyethylene glycol; CSR, central serous retinopathy; RPE, retinal pigment epithelial; IFN, Interferon.