Table 2.

Example of studies conducted on nanocapacitor-based technologies.

Keyword	Study	Authors	# Patients	Treatment vs. Comparison	Results
Nanocapacitor device/patch	Use of Nanocapacitors for the Control of Chronic Pain Observational study	Gudin et al. (2022) [65]	148	Kailo™ Pain Relieving Patch vs. no patch	Over 30 days, Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) severity scores in the treatment group decreased by 61%, and the mean BPI interference score decreased by 61%.In contrast, in the control group, the BPI severity score increased by 23%, and the BPI interference score increased by 58%.
	Role of the NeuroCuple™ Device for the Postoperative Pain Management of Patients Undergoing Unilateral Primary Total Knee and Hip Arthroplasty: A Pilot Prospective, Randomized, Open-Label Study	Chelly et al. (2023) [66]	69	NeuroCuple device/patch vs. no device/patch	Patients who received the device/patch experienced lower pain levels at rest during postoperative days 1–3, with a 34% reduction in postoperative pain compared to patients without the device/patch, the standard of care. The use of the device/patch reduced the number of opioid refills by 52%.
	Use of Nanotechnology as an Alternative to Opioids for Postoperative Pain Management Following TKA Case report	Chelly et al. (2023) [73]	1		The patient did not require any opioids postoperatively with the use of the nanocapacitor-based device/patch.