Table 4.

Results of risk of bias and applicability assessment

Prediction model	Author, year	Risk of bias				Applicability			Overall
		1. Participants	2. Predictors	3. Outcome	4. Analysis	1. Participants	2. Predictors	3. Outcome	Risk of bias	Applicability
Triage Risk Screening Tool for Elderly Patients	Fan, 2016	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Risk Stratification Index 3.0	Greenwald, 2022	+	+	+	+	?	+	+	+	?
Quan-Charlson Comorbidity Index with covariates	Mayo, 2005	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Clinical Frailty Scale	O’Caoimh, 2023	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Identification of Seniors at Risk	O’Caoimh, 2023	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Programme of Research to Integrate Services for the Maintenance of Autonomy 7	O’Caoimh, 2023	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community (Global score)	O’Caoimh, 2023	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Risk Instrument for Screening in the Community (Overall score)	O’Caoimh, 2023	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+
Geriatric Index of Comorbidity	Zekry, 2012	+	+	+	-	+	+	+	-	+

+ indicates ‘low risk of bias’ for Risk of Bias assessment or ‘low concern over applicability’ for Applicability assessment.

? indicates ‘unclear risk of bias’ for Risk of Bias assessment or ‘unclear concern over applicability’ for Applicability assessment.

- indicates ‘high risk of bias’ for Risk of Bias assessment or ‘high concern over applicability’ for Applicability assessment.