Table 1.
Differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between HVs and patients with MS.
| Variable | All (N = 130) |
HV (N = 65) |
MS (N = 65) |
p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 56.0 (50.0, 60.0) | 56.0 (50.0, 59.0) | 57.0 (50.0, 60.0) | 0.440 |
| Sex (female) | 62 (47.7%) | 31 (47.7%) | 31 (47.7%) | 1.000 |
| Body weight (kg) | 87.5 (75.2, 102.8) | 77.0 (68.0, 88.0) | 98.0 (86.0, 113.5) | <0.001 |
| Body height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.10 | 1.75 ± 0.10 | 1.73 ± 0.11 | 0.243 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8 (25.1, 32.7) | 25.1 (23.7, 28.1) | 32.6 (29.8, 35.9) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 103.1 ± 16.5 | 92.2 ± 11.6 | 113.9 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 (120.0, 140.0) | 120.0 (115.0, 130.0) | 140.0 (130.0, 145.0) | <0.001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 70.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 80.0 (70.0, 80.0) | <0.001 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 96.7 (88.3, 100.0) | 88.3 (85.0, 96.7) | 98.3 (96.7, 101.7) | <0.001 |
| MetSSS | 2.4 (0.8, 4.2) | 0.7 (0.0, 2.3) | 3.8 (2.6, 4.8) | <0.001 |
| Chronic diseases | ||||
| Arterial hypertension | 60 (46.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 60 (92.3%) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 27 (20.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (41.5%) | <0.001 |
| Stable angina pectoris | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
| CVI and TIA | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1.000 |
| Intermittent claudications | 4 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (6.2%) | 0.119 |
| Deep venous thrombosis | 6 (4.6%) | 1 (1.5%) | 5 (7.7%) | 0.208 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
| Functions and habits | ||||
| Smoking | 34 (26.2%) | 16 (24.6%) | 18 (27.7%) | 0.842 |
| Physical activity (≥3 times/week) |
105 (80.8%) | 58 (89.2%) | 47 (72.3%) | 0.025 |
| Menstrual cycle (female) | 18/62 (29.0%) | 12/31 (38.7%) | 6/31 (19.4%) | 0.161 |
Data are presented as n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (q1, q3). Differences between HVs and patients with MS were tested using Fisher’s exact test, a t-test, or the Mann–Whitney U test. p-values < 0.05 are considered statistically significant and are depicted in bold. BMI, body mass index; cm, centimeter; CVI, cerebrovascular infarction; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HV, healthy volunteer; kg, kilogram; m, meter; MAP, mean arterial pressure; MS, metabolic syndrome patient; MetSSS, metabolic syndrome severity score; N, number; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TIA, transitory ischemic attack.