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. 2024 Apr 26;25(9):4735. doi: 10.3390/ijms25094735

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Effects of HMGB1 on rat H9c2 cardiomyoblasts. (A–D) Effect of HMGB1 on cell death (trypan blue staining) (A), apoptosis (B), mtHR (C), and MMP (D). (E) Inhibition of cell death (F) The effect of chloroquine on HMGB1-induced apoptosis and autophagy. (G,H) Effects of HMGB1 on the levels of autophagy-associated proteins (G) and autophagy signal-associated proteins (H). Right panels, semi-quantified graphs. Statistical significance was calculated using an ordinary ANOVA. Asterisk, p value. C, control; HMGB1, high-mobility group box-1 (40 μg/mL); mtHR, mitochondrial hydroxyl radical; MMP, mitochondrial membrane potential; ZVAD, Z-VAD-FMK; NAC, N-acetyl-L-cysteine; DFO, deferoxamine; FRS, ferrostatin-1; 4PBA, 4-phenylbutyric acid; ATG5, autophagy-Related Gene 5; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; pAKT, phosphorylated AKT; CLQ, chloroquine.