Table 2.

Summary of studies investigating the effects of DDW and chemotherapy combination on cancer cell lines and animal cancer models.

Nation	Type of Cells/ Type of Animals	Type of Cancer	Medicine	Main Results	Reference
Iran	MDA-MB-231 PC-3 HCT-116 U-87MG AGS HDF-1	Human breast adenocarcinoma Human prostate adenocarcinoma Human colon carcinoma Human glioblastoma multiforme Human gastric adenocarcinoma	Paclitaxel	Paclitaxel remarkably decreased the surviving proportions of all cell lines. DDW enhanced the inhibition of paclitaxel on AGS, PC-3 and U-87MG but did not significantly affect HCT-116 and HDF-1.	[15]
Romania	MDA-MB-231	Human breast adenocarcinoma	Cisplatin	DDW has a weak synergistic effect on mitochondrial activity and autophagy activation in the case of cisplatin treatment of MDA-MB-231 cells.	[16]
Romania	DLD-1	Human colorectal carcinoma	5-FU Oxaliplatin	DDW shows a weakly synergic effect on pro-apoptosis in 5-FU- and oxaliplatin-treated DLD-1 cells.	[34]
Iran	MCF-7	Human breast adenocarcinoma	5-FU	5-FU inhibits MCF-7 in a concentration-dependent way; DDW enhances inhibition of 5-FU in a concentration-dependent manner; DDW enhances the decreasing proportion of MCF-7 cells at the S and G2 to M phases and the increasing ratio of MCF-7 cells at the G0 to G1 phase in the cells treated with the 5-FU combinations; DDW reverses the decrease in SOD and CAT and increase in MDA in MCF-7 cells treated with 5-FU.	[17]
Sweden	MCF7 A549 HT29	Human breast adenocarcinoma Human lung carcinoma Human colorectal adenocarcinoma	Auranofin	Combination of auranofin and 80 ppm DDW increases the ROS amount significantly compared with monotherapy of either auranofin or DDW; DDW lowers the concentration of auranofin to achieve the same suppression of cell growth as higher concentration of auranofin.	[18]
Hungary	MIA-PaCa-2 H449 MCF-7	Human pancreatic carcinoma Human lung carcinoma Human breast carcinoma	Cisplatin	DDW enhances the cell growth inhibitory effect of cisplatin on MIA-PaCa-2 in a concentration-dependent manner.	[19]
Iran	HT-29	Human colorectal adenocarcinoma	Crocin	Crocin inhibits the growth of HT-29 in a concentration-dependent way; DDW and crocin had concerted results on the inhibition of tumours; 1 mg/mL crocin in combination with 75 ppm DDW had the most significant inhibition on the proliferation of HT-29 cells at 48 h, and the combination therapy enhances the decrease in SOD and catalase and the increase in MDA compared with 75 ppm DDW alone; crocin and DDW have a synergistic effect in increasing the cell amount at the G0 to G1 phases and decreasing the cell number at the S and G2 to M phases on HT-29 cells.	[21]