Table 2.
(a) Absolute mean intakes of major food groups in women. (b) Absolute mean intakes of major food groups in men.
| (a) | ||||||
| Omnivorous | Flexitarian | Pescatarian | Vegetarian | Vegan | p-Value | |
| N | 1243 (24.3%) | 1153 (22.5%) | 493 (9.6%) | 1060 (20.7%) | 1167 (22.8%) | |
| Meat (g/day) | 132.6 ± 112.9 | 46.5 ± 29.8 | 1.0 ± 6.7 | 0.0 ± 0.7 | 0.1 ± 1.0 | <0.001 |
| Fish (g/day) | 51.0 ± 29.8 | 48.8 ± 30.8 | 52.8 ± 33.0 | 1.0 ± 4.7 | 0.4 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based meat alternatives (g/day) | 10.9 ± 14.8 | 30.8 ± 30.5 | 50.3 ± 37.4 | 59.1 ± 40.4 | 73.3 ± 47.4 | <0.001 |
| Eggs (g/day) | 46.0 ± 53.1 | 32.7 ± 39.1 | 37.2 ± 53.8 | 33.0 ± 47.9 | 0.6 ± 5.4 | <0.001 |
| Milk (mL/day) | 188.0 ± 159.4 | 142.1 ± 146.6 | 114.9 ± 138.8 | 99.8 ± 132.2 | 0.6 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based milk alternatives (mL/day) | 36.2 ± 88.5 | 83.7 ± 121.6 | 112.9 ± 140.5 | 120.5 ± 141.9 | 225.9 ± 159.7 | <0.001 |
| Cheese (g/day) | 20.7 ± 20.6 | 16.9 ± 14.2 | 16.4 ± 14.4 | 19.4 ± 19.0 | 0.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based cheese alternatives (g/day) | 0.5 ± 3.5 | 0.9 ± 2.7 | 1.6 ± 4.1 | 2.5 ± 4.8 | 8.3 ± 9.3 | <0.001 |
| Yogurt (g/day) | 50.9 ± 54.0 | 55.9 ± 62.6 | 48.9 ± 54.6 | 42.6 ± 52.8 | 0.3 ± 4.7 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based yogurt alternatives (g/day) | 2.7 ± 15.1 | 7.7 ± 23.8 | 9.4 ± 25.1 | 14.2 ± 31.1 | 37.0 ± 47.4 | <0.001 |
| Pulses (g/day) | 35.8 ± 31.2 | 59.0 ± 42.0 | 70.1 ± 47.7 | 72.2 ± 44.2 | 104.5 ± 66.6 | <0.001 |
| Nuts/seeds (g/day) | 16.3 ± 21.5 | 22.4 ± 23.4 | 23.8 ± 24.5 | 23.2 ± 23.4 | 34.0 ± 31.6 | <0.001 |
| Grains (g/day) | 221.9 ± 143.4 | 284.8 ± 126.7 | 294.4 ± 124.9 | 289.4 ± 123.6 | 314.8 ± 133.0 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 353.1 ± 207.0 | 406.1 ± 215.4 | 415.6 ± 213.4 | 385.2 ± 208.6 | 459.6 ± 247.9 | <0.001 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 185.4 ± 149.9 | 249.4 ± 170.2 | 234.8 ± 158.1 | 220.8 ± 148.1 | 254.5 ± 197.9 | <0.001 |
| Confectionery (g/day) | 59.7 ± 50.1 | 62.8 ± 47.2 | 60.7 ± 46.3 | 69.1 ± 45.4 | 52.4 ± 37.9 | <0.001 |
| Protein shakes/bars (g/day) | 1.6 ± 7.8 | 1.8 ± 7.9 | 1.7 ± 6.6 | 2.0 ± 8.5 | 3.7 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Meal replacements (g/day) | 1.0 ± 9.7 | 1.2 ± 12.4 | 0.6 ± 5.4 | 1.5 ± 11.7 | 2.0 ± 12.9 | 0.139 |
| Tea/coffee (mL/day) | 631.2 ± 331.7 | 631.9 ± 314.2 | 625.0 ± 303.8 | 593.3 ± 317.7 | 581.8 ± 327.7 | <0.001 |
| Non-alcoholic drinks (mL/day) | 261.0 ± 365.6 | 194.2 ± 269.4 | 202.6 ± 292.8 | 249.1 ± 327.2 | 237.0 ± 310.6 | <0.001 |
| Alcoholic drinks (mL/day) | 93.6 ± 135.1 | 97.6 ± 115.6 | 103.9 ± 133.3 | 96.4 ± 123.6 | 80.2 ± 121.6 | 0.001 |
| (b) | ||||||
| Omnivorous | Flexitarian | Pescatarian | Vegetarian | Vegan | p -Value | |
| N | 310 (27.5%) | 176 (15.6%) | 71 (6.3%) | 216 (19.2%) | 353 (31.3%) | |
| Meat (g/day) | 158.9 ± 134.9 | 49.0 ± 30.1 | 2.6 ± 10.7 | 0.5 ± 4.6 | 0.2 ± 2.7 | <0.001 |
| Fish (g/day) | 56.3 ± 69.6 | 48.7 ± 39.4 | 67.8 ± 56.0 | 0.7 ± 4.1 | 0.4 ± 3.5 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based meat alternatives (g/day) | 10.7 ± 17.8 | 36.0 ± 35.6 | 53.1 ± 38.6 | 71.0 ± 48.8 | 84.1 ± 54.7 | <0.001 |
| Eggs (g/day) | 55.4 ± 64.1 | 32.5 ± 39.5 | 39.1 ± 44.3 | 40.1 ± 62.7 | 1.4 ± 15.3 | <0.001 |
| Milk (mL/day) | 232.0 ± 191.5 | 151.3 ± 160.3 | 124.6 ± 165.3 | 126.7 ± 141.8 | 1.9 ± 25.5 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based milk alternatives (mL/day) | 24.4 ± 81.9 | 73.7 ± 120.9 | 113.0 ± 158.3 | 114.6 ± 156.5 | 233.1 ± 166.7 | <0.001 |
| Cheese (g/day) | 21.7 ± 21.5 | 17.8 ± 17.1 | 19.6 ± 23.3 | 20.4 ± 17.5 | 0.1 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based cheese alternatives (g/day) | 0.3 ± 1.5 | 1.3 ± 4.7 | 1.6 ± 4.7 | 2.7 ± 4.8 | 8.5 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Yogurt (g/day) | 43.2 ± 51.3 | 51.3 ± 56.2 | 49.0 ± 75.8 | 44.8 ± 49.2 | 0.6 ± 7.5 | <0.001 |
| Plant-based yogurt alternatives (g/day) | 1.5 ± 10.7 | 7.7 ± 23.3 | 8.4 ± 19.4 | 8.7 ± 19.0 | 32.3 ± 50.7 | <0.001 |
| Pulses (g/day) | 33.6 ± 31.1 | 57.4 ± 46.0 | 92.5 ± 102.7 | 73.5 ± 44.4 | 126.6 ± 101.3 | <0.001 |
| Nuts/seeds (g/day) | 15.1 ± 20.3 | 26.2 ± 29.0 | 27.6 ± 23.2 | 24.3 ± 24.9 | 40.9 ± 39.0 | <0.001 |
| Grains (g/day) | 252.2 ± 165.2 | 322.0 ± 142.4 | 362.2 ± 182.8 | 348.0 ± 131.7 | 379.5 ± 180.8 | <0.001 |
| Vegetables (g/day) | 291.4 ± 203.3 | 339.7 ± 160.7 | 413.2 ± 220.1 | 367.5 ± 185.6 | 433.5 ± 231.9 | <0.001 |
| Fruit (g/day) | 183.0 ± 168.5 | 259.8 ± 166.3 | 280.5 ± 200.3 | 240.4 ± 183.3 | 291.0 ± 224.7 | <0.001 |
| Confectionery (g/day) | 62.0 ± 58.1 | 62.3 ± 45.6 | 51.5 ± 36.1 | 68.2 ± 48.6 | 56.1 ± 50.2 | 0.037 |
| Protein shakes/bars (g/day) | 2.6 ± 9.9 | 4.7 ± 17.9 | 4.6 ± 17.1 | 1.8 ± 6.8 | 4.7 ± 13.2 | 0.031 |
| Meal replacements (g/day) | 2.2 ± 15.2 | 4.0 ± 27.7 | 1.4 ± 9.2 | 1.2 ± 10.5 | 7.2 ± 36.9 | 0.031 |
| Tea/coffee (mL/day) | 573.5 ± 346.0 | 625.9 ± 330.9 | 668.5 ± 295.6 | 640.9 ± 316.1 | 518.2 ± 346.6 | <0.001 |
| Non-alcoholic drinks (mL/day) | 294.1 ± 428.2 | 187.3 ± 233.6 | 177.0 ± 248.9 | 265.5 ± 301.0 | 237.0 ± 338.1 | 0.004 |
| Alcoholic drinks (mL/day) | 204.2 ± 286.8 | 194.2 ± 232.9 | 295.4 ± 390.3 | 186.1 ± 247.4 | 141.8 ± 222.2 | <0.001 |
ANOVA was used to compare the means between the diet groups; 100 participants who preferred not to state their gender were excluded.