Table 3.
Daily dietary nutrient intakes, adjusted for age and gender.
| Omnivores | Flexitarians | Pescatarians | Vegetarians | Vegans | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (kJ) | 9511 b | 9388 b | 9277 a,b | 9047 a | 9132 a |
| Energy/BMR ratio | 1.59 a,b | 1.63 b | 1.60 a,b | 1.55 a | 1.59 a |
| Energy/BMR ratio < 1.2 (%) | 18.1 a | 16.7 a | 18.1 a | 20.6 a | 20.0 a |
| Carbohydrate (%E) | 37.8 | 44.8 | 46.4 | 48.9 a | 49.2 a |
| Total sugars (%E) | 17.4 | 19.9 a | 20.1 a,b | 20.6 b | 20.2 a,b |
| Free sugars (%E) | 7.67 a,b | 7.85 b | 8.02 b | 8.99 | 7.40 a |
| Starch (%E) | 20.5 | 25.0 | 26.4 | 28.4 | 30.8 |
| Protein (%E) | 17.8 | 15.1 | 14.2 | 12.6 | 12.2 |
| Protein (g) per kg body weight | 1.49 | 1.34 | 1.24 | 1.06 a | 1.06 a |
| Fat (%E) | 40.4 | 36.2 b | 35.3 a,b | 34.8 a | 35.1 a |
| SFA (%E) | 14.2 | 10.9 | 9.9 a | 10.2 a | 7.9 |
| MUFA (%E) | 16.0 | 14.9 b | 14.7 a,b | 14.1 a | 14.9 b |
| PUFA (%E) | 6.5 | 7.0 | 7.4 a | 7.4 a | 9.2 |
| P/S ratio | 0.50 | 0.68 | 0.78 a | 0.76 a | 1.21 |
| Cholesterol (mg) | 415 | 248 | 217 | 168 | 20 |
| n-3 fatty acids (g) | 2.83 a | 2.80 a | 2.86 a | 2.35 | 2.83 a |
| n-6 fatty acids (g) | 13.8 | 15.1 a | 15.7 a,b | 15.9 b | 20.2 |
| Trans fatty acids (g) | 1.45 | 0.95 a | 0.77 a | 0.80 | 0.38 |
| Alcohol (%E) | 2.85 a | 2.85 a | 3.16 a | 2.72 a | 2.23 |
| Alcohol (g) | 9.38 a,b | 9.24 a,b | 10.26 b | 8.45 a | 6.98 |
| AOAC Fibre (g) | 28.4 | 36.7 | 39.3 a | 38.8 a | 46.7 |
| β-Carotene (μg) | 3668 | 4240 a | 4204 a | 4039 a | 4859 |
| Retinol (μg) | 997 | 466 | 272 a | 259 a | 102 |
| Vitamin A (RE) (µg) | 1682 | 1261 | 1057 a | 1009 a | 989 a |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 5.57 | 4.82 a | 4.82 a | 3.07 | 2.60 |
| Thiamin (mg) | 2.07 | 2.19 a | 2.23 a,b | 2.28 b | 2.62 |
| Riboflavin (mg) | 2.26 | 2.03 b | 1.96 a,b | 1.94 a | 1.80 |
| Niacin equivalent (mg) | 47.0 | 40.2 | 36.9 | 31.9 | 33.3 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 151 | 170 a | 175 a | 167 a | 193 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 14.1 | 15.7 a | 16.7 b | 16.0 a,b | 18.7 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.30 | 2.15 | 2.05 a | 1.90 | 2.04 a |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 9.78 | 6.49 | 5.55 | 3.35 | 2.04 |
| Folate (μg) | 362 | 401 a | 413 a | 411 a | 453 |
| Pantothenic acid (mg) | 8.25 | 7.42 | 6.90 | 6.42 | 5.84 |
| Biotin (µg) | 56.2 | 59.4 a | 61.4 a | 59.2 a | 67.4 |
| Sodium (mg) | 1973 | 1816 b | 1769 a,b | 1761 a,b | 1712 a |
| Potassium (mg) | 3923 a | 4072 b | 4085 b | 3836 a | 4144 b |
| Calcium (mg) | 976 | 1031 a | 1054 a | 1055 a | 1022 a |
| Magnesium (mg) | 363 | 414 a | 430 a | 413 a | 478 |
| Phosphorus (mg) | 1619 | 1557 b | 1537 b | 1420 a | 1397 a |
| Iron (mg) | 13.9 | 15.1 a | 15.4 a | 15.2 a | 17.6 |
| Haem iron (mg) | 1.05 | 0.49 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.18 a |
| Non-haem iron (mg) | 12.8 | 14.5 a | 15.1 a,b | 15.1 b | 17.3 |
| Copper (mg) | 1.80 a | 1.86 a | 1.86 a | 1.81 a | 2.20 |
| Zinc (mg) | 12.4 | 10.8 | 10.3 a | 10.1 a | 10.0 a |
| Chloride (mg) | 3472 | 3269 a,b | 3177 a | 3166 a | 3363 b |
| Iodine (μg) | 232 | 203 a | 200 a | 135 | 89 |
| Manganese (mg) | 4.23 | 5.64 | 6.12 a | 6.14 a | 7.37 |
| Selenium (μg) | 79.7 | 67.5 b | 66.4 b | 43.2 a | 41.3 a |
Energy/BMR ratio—energy intake to basal metabolic rate ratio; SFAs—saturated fatty acids; PUFAs—polyunsaturated fatty acids; P/S ratio—polyunsaturated fat (g)/saturated fat (g); values are presented as means adjusted for age and gender. ANOVA was used to compare the means between the diet groups. Multiple pairwise comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used to determine the statistical significance of differences in intakes between pairs of diet groups. a,b Pairs of means in the same row sharing a common superscript are not significantly different at the 5% level. p-Values for heterogeneity between diet groups for all nutrients were less than 0.0001. N = 6342: 1562 omnivores, 1349 flexitarians, 568 pescatarians, 1292 vegetarians, and 1571 vegans.