Table 4.
Prevalence of inadequate intakes by gender and diet group.
| Nutrient | EAR Value a | Omnivores | Flexitarians | Pescatarians | Vegetarians | Vegans | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | W | M | ||
| Protein | 0.66 g/kg of body weight b | 5.2% | 4.8% | 5.7% | 7.4% | 10.1% | 8.5% | 16.7% | 15.3% | 18.8% | 16.7% |
| Vitamin A (RE) | M: 500 µg, W: 400 µg | 1.2% | 4.2% | 1.5% | 5.1% | 2.6% | 8.5% | 4.8% | 8.3% | 8.9% | 19.3% |
| Thiamin | 0.3 mg per 1000 kcal energy | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Riboflavin | M: 1.0 mg, W: 0.9 mg | 0.6% | 1.9% | 1.7% | 2.8% | 3.4% | 1.4% | 2.7% | 1.4% | 5.6% | 7.4% |
| Niacin | 5.5 mg per 1000 kcal energy | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% |
| Vitamin B6 | 13 µg per g protein | 0.9% | 1.3% | 0.3% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
| Vitamin B12 | 1.25 µg | 0.1% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 1.4% | 4.7% | 3.2% | 31.2% | 30.0% |
| Folate | 150 µg | 3.7% | 2.9% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% | 0.8% | 0.0% |
| Vitamin C | 25 mg | 4.1% | 6.1% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.2% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.0% | 0.1% | 0.0% |
| Calcium | 525 mg | 8.4% | 9.7% | 3.1% | 1.7% | 5.1% | 1.4% | 3.0% | 1.4% | 5.6% | 2.8% |
| Magnesium | M: 250 mg, W: 200 mg | 6.4% | 12.6% | 1.3% | 4.0% | 1.0% | 1.4% | 1.7% | 3.7% | 1.5% | 2.5% |
| Iron * | M, and W aged 50+: 6.7 mg | 0.8% | 1.9% | 0.4% | 0.0% | 0.6% | 1.4% | 0.6% | 0.9% | 0.2% | 0.3% |
| Bioavailability adjusted Iron * | M, and W aged 50+: 12.06 mg c | 16.0% | 19.4% | 6.7% | 9.3% | ||||||
| Zinc | M: 7.3 mg, W: 5.5 mg | 0.9% | 5.2% | 2.0% | 7.4% | 4.7% | 4.2% | 4.2% | 10.6% | 6.3% | 13.3% |
| Bioavailability adjusted Zinc | M: 10.95 mg, W: 8.25 mg c | 31.5% | 47.2% | 34.8% | 49.9% | ||||||
| Iodine | 95 µg c | 1.9% | 1.0% | 5.1% | 5.1% | 5.9% | 8.5% | 26.3% | 16.7% | 67.3% | 60.9% |
| Selenium | 45 µg d | 6.4% | 6.8% | 11.4% | 10.8% | 17.4% | 11.3% | 67.3% | 50.0% | 68.0% | 54.7% |
EAR—estimated average requirement; M—men; W—women; REs—retinol equivalents. a Source: unless specified otherwise, Department of Health, 1991. Dietary reference values for food, energy, and nutrients in the United Kingdom. b Source: Institute of Medicine, 2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. c Source: Institute of Medicine, 2001. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. Bioavailability adjustment for iron: EAR plus 80% for vegetarians and vegans; bioavailability adjustment for zinc: EAR plus 50% for vegetarians and vegans. d Source: Institute of Medicine, 2000. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Exclusions: * Younger women (<50 years), 100 participants who preferred not to state their gender.