Table 4.
Health indicator data of research participants from the control and intervention groups, obtained at the initial visit and at the twelfth month.
| Control | Intervention | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| First Visit | Twelfth Month | p | First Visit | Twelfth Month | p | |||||||||
| Exercise habits (number and percentage) |
S 40 (100%) |
L 0 (0%) |
M/I 0 (0%) |
S 40 (100%) |
L 0 (0%) |
M/I 0 (0%) |
n/a |
S 44 (100%) |
L 0 (0%) |
M/I 0 (0%) |
S 44 (100%) |
L 0 (0%) |
M/I 0 (0%) |
n/a |
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) (median ± IQR) | 159.0 (196.5–132.0) | 187.0 (215.9–155.3) * | 0.0028 | 148.0 (195.3–130.0) | 105.0 (122.3–93.5) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Glycated hemoglobin (%) (median ± IQR) | 8.7 (9.3–7.3) | 9.3 (10.2–7.8) * | <0.0001 | 7.5 (10.0–6.8) | 6.4 (8.0–5.9) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) (median ± IQR) | 171.5 (199.8–142.0) | 179.5 (195.8–152.5) | 0.2326 | 159.0 (211.5–129.0) | 144.0 (170.0–120.8) | >0.9999 | ||||||||
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) (mean ± SD) | 102.4 ± 15.1 | 100.7 ± 16.8 | >0.9999 | 102.3 ± 19.7 | 76.0 ± 24.4 * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) (median ± IQR) | 43.0 (49.5–35.5) | 39.0 (43.0–34.0) | 0.0818 | 46.0 (53.0–40.0) | 49.0 (60.2–42.0) * | 0.0105 | ||||||||
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) (median ± IQR) | 165.5 (201.5–154.0) | 175.5 (205.8–140.0) | >0.9999 | 168.0 (195.0–151.8) | 110.0 (137.8–91.5) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Body weight (kg) (median ± IQR) | 87.7 (98.0–71.5) | 92.5 (103.3–73.5) * | <0.0001 | 87.0 (92.9–79.9) | 78.0 (87.0–68.2) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) (median ± IQR) | 30.0 (35.5–27.2) | 32.0 (37.0–28.0) * | <0.0001 | 31.5 (35.7–28.5) | 29.0 (32.3–26.6) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Waist circumference (cm) (mean ± SD) | 106.8 ± 12.0 | 110.6 ± 13.1 | 0.0987 | 106.7 ± 7.5 | 99.7 ± 8.8 * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Waist-to-hip ratio (unitless) (median ± IQR) | 1.0 (1.1–1.0) | 1.0 (1.2–1.0) * | 0.0003 | 1.0 (1.1–0.9) | 0.9 (0.9–0.8) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) (mean ± SD) | 145.3 ± 11.0 | 147.6 ± 16.4 | 0.9998 | 146.8 ± 17.1 | 124.4 ± 13.0 * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) (median ± IQR) | 88.5 (98.0–87.0) | 89.5 (95.7–86.1) | >0.9999 | 95.7 (99.0–91.6) | 76.2 (78.5–68.5) * | <0.0001 | ||||||||
| Heart rate (bpm) (median ± IQR) | 87.0 (89.9–78.9) | 87.2 (91.7–78.6) | >0.9999 | 89.5 (96.5–76.6) | 72.5 (78.9–65.9) * | 0.0129 | ||||||||
Non-normal data expressed as median ± interquartile range (IQR); Normal data expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). S: sedentary; L: light exercises; M/I: moderate or intense exercises; n/a: not applicable. Within each group (control or intervention), an asterisk indicates a significant difference between values observed at the first visit and the twelfth month (Friedman test followed by Dunn’s post hoc test for non-parametric data; two-way repeated measures ANOVA followed by Šídák’s post hoc test for parametric data; p < 0.05).