Table 1.

Cardiovascular effects of Morus alba L. (white mulberry), Moraceae family—ex vivo studies.

Herbal Raw Material	Active Compounds	Functions	Mechanism of Action	Model	Dose	References
Leaves	Phenolic groups (naringenin and quercetin)	Cardioprotective Antioxidant	↑ scavenging of free radicals (OH) ↓ peroxidation of lipids ↓ GSH, Gpx, SOD, CAT, TBARS	male albino Wistar rats	500 mg/kg b.w. for 15 days p.o.	[9]
	Flavonoids (isoflavones, flavanone, flavonols, morusin, cyclomorusin, and neocyclomorusin) Novel prenylated flavonoids (isoquercetin, quercetin, astragalin, and scopoline) Glycosides (namelyroseoside III and benzyl D–glucopyranoside)	Antihypertensive Antioxidant Cardioprotective	↑ cellular antioxidants (↑ GSH, SOD, and CAT, ↓ LPO) ↓ heart rate, ↓ heart weight ↓ pressure-rate index ↓ levels of cardiac damage marker enzymes	male Wistar rats	25, 50, 100 mg/kg b.w. for three weeks p.o.	[10]
		Antihypertensive Hypolipidemic Vascular improvement Lipid regulation agent	↓ of cell adhesion molecule (E–selectin, VCAM–1, ICAM–1) expression in the aorta	male rats	100, 200 mg/kg b.w. for 14 weeks	[13]
	Rutin, chlorogenic acid, astragalin	Vascular effect	↑ NO, eNOS ↑ phosphorylation of PERK and HSP90 at threonine	mice	100, 200, or 400 mg/kg b.w.	[11]
	Rutin and isoquercetin	Antiplatelet Antithrombotic Prevention or treatment of myocardial infarction	↓ MAPK–integrin α IIb β 3 ↓ PLA2/TXA2 routes ↓ TXB2 formation ↓ serotonin secretion ↓ aggregation ↓ thrombus formation	male Sprague–Dawley rats	100, 200, 400 mg/kg b.w. for 3 days	[12]
	Mulberroside A, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, astragaloside, resveratrol, scopoletin, 1–deoxynojirimycin	Glucose improvement Lipid metabolism improvement	↓ TGF–β–Smad2/3	male C57BL/6 mice	1000 mg/kg b.w. for 12 weeks p.o.	[14]

↑—increased, ↓—decreased.