Table 4.

Cardiovascular effects of Allium sativum L. (garlic), Amaryllidaceae family—ex vivo studies.

Herbal Raw Material	Active Compounds	Functions	Mechanism of Action	Model	Dose	References
Bulb	Organosulfur compounds: alliin, allicin, E–ajoene, Z–ajoene, 2–vinyl–4H–1,3–dithiin, diallyl sulfide (DAS), diallyl disulfide (DADS), diallyl trisulfide (DATS), and allyl methyl sulfide (AMS)	Hypoglycemic Hypolipidemic	↓ total triglycerides and free fatty acids ↑ HDL cholesterol	mice	0.1 mg/mL for 8 weeks Alliin (S–allyl cysteine sulfoxide) p.o	[34]
		Antioxidant	↓ lipid peroxidation ↓ free radicals	male albino Wistar rats	2 mL S–allyl cysteine sulfoxide (SACS) p.o.	[30,31,36]
		Antioxidant	↑ glutathione levels in vascular endothelial cells ↓ triglycerides	male SHR	80 mg/kg/day allicin p.o.	[40]
		Antioxidant	↓ cardiac hypertrophy markers	male Sprague–Dawley rats	250 mg/kg garlic	[42]
					25, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day Allylmethylsulfide (AMS) p.o.	[43]
		Antioxidant Vascular	ND 1	obese diabetic rats	5 mg/kg/day diallyl trisulfide (DAT)	[45]
		Lipid regulation	↓ lipogenesis and cholesterogenesis	male albino diabetic rats	1 mL garlic aqueous leaf extract	[35]

¹ND—not determined. ↑—increased, ↓—decreased.