Table 5.

Cardiovascular effects of Allium sativum L. (garlic), Amaryllidaceae family—in vitro studies.

Herbal Raw Material	Active Compounds	Functions	Mechanism of Action	Model	Dose	References
Bulb	Organosulfur compounds	Antioxidant Vascular	↑ NO and eNOS	endothelial progenitor cells	100 µg/mL 200 µg/mL 400 µg/mL allicin	[39]
		Antioxidant	↓ ROS ↓ cell growth and migration	vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)	10 and 100 μg/L 2–vinyl–4H–1,3–Dithiin	[41]
		Cardioprotective Anti-apoptotic	↑ IGF1R survival signaling pathway protein expression ↑ PI3K/Akt pathway ↓ ROS	cardiomyocyte cell line H9c2 and hearts from rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus	10 μM diallyl trisulfide (DAT)	[44]
		Anti-aggregation	↓ platelet aggregation ↓ cAMP and cGMP stimulation ↓ fibrinogen binding to the GPIIb/IIIa receptor	human platelet aggregation	6.25% aged garlic extract	[47]

↑—increased, ↓—decreased.