Table 6.

Cardiovascular effects of Convallaria majalis L. (lily of the valley), Asparagaceae family—in vitro studies.

Herbal Raw Material	Active Compounds	Functions	Mechanism of Action	Model	Dose	References
Herb	Cardiac glycosides: convallotoxin, convallarin, convalloside, convallasaponin, cholestane glycoside, strophanthidin, cannogenol, sarmentogenin, dipindogenin, hydroxysarmentogenin, saponins	Heart failure	↓ Na+/K+–ATPase inhibition ↑ Na+ ions ↑ Ca2+ ions positive inotropic effect ↓ viability of HUVECs ↑ TF mRNA and protein expression	serum human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs)	50 and 100 nM for 4 h	[51,52,55]
		Anti-inflammatory	↓ lipoxygenase inhibition	linoleic acid	5 g of the roots	[61]
	Convallatoxin/Convallaria keiskei	Cardiovascular effect	↑ atrial stroke volume and pulse pressure positive inotropic effect vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects ↑ cAMP efflux ↑ K+ concentration	beating rabbit atria, male New Zealand white rabbits weighing about 2 kg	1 × 10−5 M Convallatoxin 3 × 10−6 g/mL Convallaria keiskei	[54,56,57]
	Convallamaroside	Anticancer	↓ angiogenesis	mice undergoing tumor angiogenesis reaction induced by tumor cells	10, 20, 50, 100 µg/day 1.5 h incubation	[58,59,60]

↑—increased, ↓—decreased.