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Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
The changes in the one-Layer DEA as the voltage increases. The images at 0 kV and at the maximum diameter change were overlaid with adjusted transparency. The red arrows were added to make it easy to identify the difference between the original diameter and the maximally changed diameter.