Table 1.
The baseline characteristics of patients between the intervention and placebo groups.
| Variable | Placebo Group (n = 29) | Intervention Group (n = 30) | Total (n = 59) | p-Value between Groups |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diseases (n) | 4.17 ± 1.37 | 4.10 ± 1.13 | 4.14 ± 1.24 | 0.825 |
| Medicines (n) | 4.10 ± 1.24 | 4.00 ± 1.02 | 4.05 ± 1.12 | 0.726 |
| Height (m) | 1.55 ± 0.08 | 1.59 ± 0.09 | 1.57 ± 0.09 | 0.055 |
| Weight (kg) | 51.59 ± 8.84 | 53.26 ± 8.35 | 52.44 ± 8.56 | 0.459 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.12 ± 2.21 | 20.87 ± 2.06 | 20.99 ± 2.12 | 0.651 |
| Handgrip test (kg) | 17.41 ± 4.30 | 17.27 ± 3.41 | 17.34 ± 3.84 | 0.885 |
| Chair test (s) | 24.52 ± 5.50 | 25.11 ± 6.73 | 24.82 ± 6.11 | 0.717 |
| SPPB test (score) | 4.48 ± 0.51 | 4.63 ± 1.10 | 4.56 ± 0.86 | 0.504 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 1.92 ± 0.28 | 1.81 ± 0.32 | 1.86 ± 0.30 | 0.164 |
| SMI | 5.36 ± 0.42 | 5.50 ± 0.57 | 5.43 ± 0.50 | 0.277 |
| Fat Mass (kg) | 15.78 ± 6.92 | 14.66 ± 5.59 | 15.21 ± 6.25 | 0.498 |
| VAT (g) | 757.61 ± 236.94 | 739.13 ± 378.61 | 748.21 ± 314.42 | 0.824 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 1.43 ± 1.47 | 0.99 ± 1.33 | 1.21 ± 1.41 | 0.228 |
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | 2.80 ± 0.22 | 2.82 ± 0.22 | 2.81 ± 0.22 | 0.686 |
| TNF-alfa (pg/mL) | 12.87 ± 4.81 | 12.68 ± 4.50 | 12.78 ± 4.61 | 0.877 |
Abbreviations: n, number; BMI, body mass index; SPPB, short physical performance battery; SMI, skeletal muscle index; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; CRP, c-reactive protein.