Table 2.
Within-group (pre-post) and between-group (treatment minus placebo effect) mean difference changes from baseline (from day 0 to the end of the supplementation) for all investigated variables during the supplementation period.
| Variable | Placebo Group (n = 29); Intra-Group Δ Change (CI 95%) |
Intervention Group (n = 30); Intra-Group Δ Change (CI 95%) |
Effects between Groups (Intervention Minus Placebo) Δ Change (CI 95%) |
p-Value between Groups * |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weight (kg) | −1.31 (−1.62; −0.99) | 2.13 (1.85; 2.47) | 3.47 (3.02; 3.92) | 0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | −0.37 (−0.67; −0.06) | 0.91 (0.60; 1.21) | 1.27 (0.83; 1.71) | 0.001 |
| Handgrip test (kg) | −2.76 (−4.13; −1.39) | 6.17 (4.82; 7.51) | 8.92 (6.68; 10.87) | 0.001 |
| Chair test (s) | 1.99 (0.91; 3.06) | −5.41 (−6.47; −4.35) | −7.40 (−8.93; −5.84) | 0.001 |
| SPPB test (score) | 0.38 (0.10; 0.86) | 3.33 (2.86; 3.81) | 2.96 (2.26; 3.64) | 0.001 |
| Walking speed (m/s) | 0.11 (0.05; 0.17) | −0.22 (−0.28; −0.16) | −0.33 (−0.42; −0.24) | 0.001 |
| SMI | −0.22 (−0.39; −0.05) | 0.80 (0.63; 0.97) | 1.02 (0.77; 1.26) | 0.001 |
| Fat Mass (kg) | −1.24 (−2.39; −0.822) | 1.55 (0.42; 2.69) | 2.79 (1.15; 4.43) | 0.001 |
| VAT (g) | −4.53 (−51.01; 41.94) | −75.45 (−121.12; −29.78) | −70.91 (−137.13; −4.70) | 0.036 |
| CRP (mg/dL) | 0.24 (−0.16; 0.63) | −0.50 (−0.89; −0.12) | −0.74 (−1.30; −0.18) | 0.011 |
| Zonulin (ng/mL) | 0.02 (−0.03; −0.07) | −0.28 (−0.33; −0.23) | −0.30 (−0.37; −0.23) | 0.001 |
| TNF-alfa (pg/mL) | 0.85 (−0.74; 2.44) | −5.60 (−7.16; −4.04) | −6.45 (−8.71; −4.18) | 0.001 |
* in bold: value with p < 0.05. Abbreviations: n, number; BMI, body mass index; SPPB, short physical performance battery; SMI, skeletal muscle index; VAT, visceral adipose tissue; CRP, c-reactive protein.