Table 3.
Factors associated with tension-type headache among the study participants (n=771)
| Variables | AOR | Upper bound of 95% CI | Lower bound of 95% CI |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age | 0.99 | 0.901 | 1.101 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | Reference | ||
| Male | 1.093 | 0.79 | 1.513 |
| Level of study | |||
| 11th–12th grade | Reference | ||
| Undergraduate | 0.821 | 0.467 | 1.443 |
| Graduate | 1.098 | 0.332 | 3.626 |
| Family history of headache | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.397* | 1.023 | 1.907 |
| Personal history of the disease | |||
| Eye problem | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.96 | 0.704 | 1.309 |
| Insomnia | |||
| No clinically significant insomnia | Reference | ||
| Clinical insomnia | 1.005 | 0.694 | 1.455 |
| Depression | |||
| No or mild depression | Reference | ||
| Moderate-to-severe depression | 1.474* | 1.05 | 2.069 |
| Hearing impairment | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.694* | 0.501 | 0.961 |
| Screen use-related information | |||
| Duration of online education | |||
| <3 months | Reference | ||
| 3–6 months | 2.32* | 1.081 | 4.977 |
| 6–12 months | 2.063* | 1.016 | 4.189 |
| >12 months | 2.868* | 1.403 | 5.862 |
| Use per day for study | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 0.671 | 0.402 | 1.12 |
| 6–12 hours | 0.776 | 0.419 | 1.437 |
| >12 hours | 0.571 | 0.2 | 1.627 |
| Use patterns for online education | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 1.021 | 0.696 | 1.498 |
| Without break | 1.044 | 0.658 | 1.658 |
| Device used for online education | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and computer | 0.559* | 0.354 | 0.882 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | – | . | . |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 0.098* | 0.011 | 0.861 |
| Computer | 0.496* | 0.226 | 1.089 |
| Use per day for entertainment | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 1.05 | 0.736 | 1.498 |
| 6–12 hours | 0.624 | 0.336 | 1.158 |
| >12 hours | 1.598 | 0.547 | 4.667 |
| Use patterns for entertainment | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 0.901 | 0.623 | 1.303 |
| Without break | 1.264 | 0.741 | 2.155 |
| Device used for entertainment | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and computer | 1.664 | 0.965 | 2.872 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | 0.951 | 0.616 | 1.47 |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 1.101 | 0.559 | 2.169 |
| Computer and TV | 0.47 | 0.042 | 5.26 |
| Computer | 0.988 | 0.415 | 2.351 |
| TV | 0.648 | 0.27 | 1.555 |
Multivariable logistic regression was used.
*P< 0.05,
**P<0.001.
AOR, adjusted OR; TTH, tension-type headache.