Table 4.
Factors associated with migraine headaches among the study participants (n=771)
| Variables | AOR | Upper bound of 95% CI | Lower bound of 95% CI |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age | 0.95 | 0.841 | 1.064 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | Reference | ||
| Male | 0.543* | 0.36 | 0.82 |
| Level of study | |||
| 11th–12th grade | Reference | ||
| Undergraduate | 1.312 | 0.677 | 2.542 |
| Graduate | 5.124* | 1.297 | 20.237 |
| Family history of headache | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.248** | 1.533 | 3.295 |
| Personal history of disease | |||
| Eye problem | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.483* | 1.013 | 2.171 |
| Insomnia | |||
| No clinically significant insomnia | Reference | ||
| Clinical insomnia | 1.534* | 1.009 | 2.331 |
| Depression | |||
| No or mild depression | Reference | ||
| Moderate-to-severe depression | 2.351** | 1.553 | 3.559 |
| Hearing impairment | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.284 | 0.857 | 1.924 |
| Screen use-related variables | |||
| Duration of online education | |||
| <3 months | Reference | ||
| 3–6 months | 2.162 | 0.723 | 6.466 |
| 6–12 months | 2.731 | 0.974 | 7.661 |
| >12 months | 2.833* | 1.003 | 8.003 |
| Use per day for study | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 0.769 | 0.412 | 1.436 |
| 6–12 hours | 1.058 | 0.508 | 2.205 |
| >12 hours | 1.148 | 0.348 | 3.784 |
| Use patterns for online education | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 1.231 | 0.767 | 1.975 |
| Without break | 1.204 | 0.685 | 2.118 |
| Device used for online education | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and Computer | 0.802 | 0.465 | 1.383 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | 0.591 | 0.061 | 5.699 |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 0.384 | 0.037 | 3.97 |
| Computer | 0.56 | 0.202 | 1.558 |
| Use per day for entertainment | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 0.984 | 0.646 | 1.5 |
| 6–12 hours | 0.413* | 0.178 | 0.955 |
| >12 hours | 1.405 | 0.443 | 4.454 |
| Use patterns for entertainment | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 0.717 | 0.46 | 1.118 |
| Without break | 0.713 | 0.375 | 1.354 |
| Device used for entertainment | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and Computer | 1.15 | 0.588 | 2.25 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | 1.269 | 0.767 | 2.10 |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 0.84 | 0.361 | 1.954 |
| Computer and TV | 0.608 | 0.045 | 8.136 |
| Computer | 1.304 | 0.436 | 3.899 |
| TV | 1.216 | 0.439 | 3.368 |
Multivariable logistic regression was used.
*P<0.05.
**P<0.001.
AOR, adjusted OR.