Table 5.
Factors associated with mixed headache among the study participants (n=771)
| Variables | AOR | Upper bound of 95% CI | Lower bound of 95% CI |
| Baseline characteristics | |||
| Age | 0.94 | 0.82 | 1.078 |
| Gender | |||
| Female | Reference | ||
| Male | 0.763 | 0.468 | 1.244 |
| Level of study | |||
| 11th to 12th grade | Reference | ||
| Undergraduate | 0.893 | 0.404 | 1.972 |
| Graduate | 3.982 | 0.879 | 18.037 |
| Family history of headache | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 2.659** | 1.65 | 4.285 |
| Personal history of disease | |||
| Eye problem | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 1.301 | 0.822 | 2.06 |
| Insomnia | |||
| No clinically significant insomnia | Reference | ||
| Clinical insomnia | 1.102 | 0.671 | 1.809 |
| Depression | |||
| No or mild depression | Reference | ||
| Moderate-to-severe depression | 2.253* | 1.365 | 3.719 |
| Hearing impairment | |||
| No | Reference | ||
| Yes | 0.873 | 0.543 | 1.404 |
| Screen use-related information | |||
| Duration of online education | |||
| <3 months | Reference | ||
| 3–6 months | 3.117 | 0.641 | 15.158 |
| 6–12 months | 4.034 | 0.886 | 18.362 |
| >12 months | 4.562* | 0.994 | 20.929 |
| Use per day for study | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 0.723 | 0.347 | 1.508 |
| 6–12 hours | 0.978 | 0.415 | 2.303 |
| >12 hours | 0.884 | 0.215 | 3.633 |
| Use patterns for online education | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 1.056 | 0.609 | 1.833 |
| Without break | 0.795 | 0.401 | 1.578 |
| Device used for online education | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and computer | 0.48* | 0.239 | 0.965 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | 1.77 | 0.195 | 16.032 |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 0.604 | 0.058 | 6.329 |
| Computer | 0.355 | 0.09 | 1.408 |
| Use per day for entertainment | |||
| <2 hours | Reference | ||
| 2–6 hours | 0.887 | 0.539 | 1.459 |
| 6–12 hours | 0.482 | 0.176 | 1.322 |
| >12 hours | 1.639 | 0.458 | 5.86 |
| Use patterns for entertainment | |||
| With enough break | Reference | ||
| With small break | 0.884 | 0.524 | 1.492 |
| Without break | 0.915 | 0.426 | 1.966 |
| Device used for entertainment | |||
| Smartphone/tablet | Reference | ||
| Smartphone/tablet and computer | 1.885 | 0.838 | 4.239 |
| Smartphone/tablet and TV | 1.339 | 0.745 | 2.406 |
| Smartphone/tablet, computer and TV | 1.062 | 0.37 | 3.047 |
| Computer and TV | – | – | – |
| Computer | 1.997 | 0.536 | 7.435 |
| TV | 0.625 | 0.136 | 2.865 |
Multivariable logistic regression was used.
*P<0.05.
**P<0.001.
AOR, adjusted OR.