Table 1.

Longitudinally bidirectional association between MDD and fracture

	OR (95% CI)*	P value*	OR (95% CI)†	P value†
Nested case-control design to assess the association of MDD with subsequent fracture
Pooled	1.14 (1.14 to 1.15)	<0.001	1.13 (1.12 to 1.14)	<0.001
Female	1.15 (1.14 to 1.16)	<0.001	1.15 (1.13 to 1.16)	<0.001
Male	1.13 (1.12 to 1.14)	<0.001	1.09 (1.08 to 1.11)	<0.001

	HR (95% CI)‡	P value‡	HR (95% CI)§	P value§
Matched cohort design to assess the association of fracture with subsequent MDD
Pooled	1.72 (1.64 to 1.79)	<0.001	1.80 (1.64 to 1.98)	<0.001
Female	1.78 (1.69 to 1.88)	<0.001	1.98 (1.78 to 2.21)	<0.001
Male	1.62 (1.51 to 1.75)	<0.001	1.42 (1.19 to 1.70)	<0.001

*Model 1 adjusted for reference age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption frequency, employment status, education, physical activity, sleep duration, grip strength, falls, BMD and antidepressant medication.

†Model 2 adjusted for *+cannabis intake.

‡Model 1 adjusted for reference age, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption frequency, employment status, education, physical activity, sleep duration, grip strength and pre-existing psychiatric disorder.

§Model 2 adjusted for ‡+cannabis intake.

BMD, bone mineral density; BMI, body mass index; HR, hazard ratio; MDD, major depressive disorder.