Table 1.
List of toxic/drugs causing opsoclonus classified by number of cases (n = ) and in the order of appearance in the article.
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| DRUG/TOXIC | PUTATIVE IMPLICATED SYSTEM | REFERENCE | NUMBER OF CASES (PER MECHANISM OF ACTION) | n | NARANJO SCORE |
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| bark scorpion poison (c. sculpturatus) | sodium channel inactivation, increased release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine | [15] | n = 117 | n = 84 | 6 |
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| [16] | n = 33 | 7 | |||
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| chlordecone (or kepone, merex, curlone) | mitochondrial Na+/K+ ATPase inhibition | [17] | n = 15 | n = 15 | 5 |
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| [18] | 6 | ||||
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| [19,20] | 6 | ||||
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| diphenhydramine (DPH) | anticholinergic & antihistaminic H1 | [23] | n = 3 | n = 1 | 4 |
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| [24] | n = 1 | 7 | |||
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| [25] | n = 1 | 5 | |||
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| chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) | cholinergic | [26] | n = 3 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| malathion (organophosphate) | [27] | n = 1 | 7 | ||
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| parathion and methyl-parathion (organophosphates) | [28] | n = 1 | 6 | ||
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| lamotrigine (associated with valproate – probably not implicated) | various mechanisms: voltage-gated sodium channel blocker or GABAergic | [32] | n = 3 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| phenytoin associated and diazepam, versus barbiturate withdrawal | [33] | n = 1 | 6 | ||
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| phenytoin (associated with levetiracetam – probably not implicated) | [34] | n = 1 | 5 | ||
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| cocaine | serotoninergic & dopaminergic & noradrenergic (reuptake blockage) | [36] | n = 2 | n = 1 | 7 |
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| [37] | n = 1 | 7 | |||
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| cyclosporine A | dopaminergic | [7] | n = 2 | n = 1 | 5 |
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| [38] | n = 1 | 6 | |||
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| toluene (methylbenzene) | GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic | [41] | n = 2 | n = 1 | 5 |
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| [42] | n = 1 | 6 | |||
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| lithium associated with haloperidol | glycinergic & dopaminergic | [45] | n = 2 | n = 2 | 4 |
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| amantadine (our case report) | glutamatergic | n = 1 | n = 1 | 7 | |
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| phencyclidine (PCP) | glutamatergic & GABAergic | [9] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| solanum torvum berries (or turkey berries, susumber, aubergine sauvage) | cholinergic | [49] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| thallium | potassium interference (Na+/K+-ATPase) | [52] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| cefepime | GABAergic | [54] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 6 |
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| adenovector viral (AVV) ChAdOx1 vaccine (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca) | unclear | [63] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 3 |
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| carbon monoxide | unclear | [64] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 4 |
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| amitriptyline | cholinergic & serotoninergic | [65] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 5 |
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| venlafaxine | serotoninergic & noradrenergic | [66] | n = 1 | n = 1 | 2 |
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In bold: discussed in the article.