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. 2024 May 8;14:23. doi: 10.5334/tohm.832

Table 1.

List of toxic/drugs causing opsoclonus classified by number of cases (n = ) and in the order of appearance in the article.


DRUG/TOXIC PUTATIVE IMPLICATED SYSTEM REFERENCE NUMBER OF CASES (PER MECHANISM OF ACTION) n NARANJO SCORE

bark scorpion poison (c. sculpturatus) sodium channel inactivation, increased release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine [15] n = 117 n = 84 6


[16] n = 33 7

chlordecone (or kepone, merex, curlone) mitochondrial Na+/K+ ATPase inhibition [17] n = 15 n = 15 5


[18] 6


[19,20] 6

diphenhydramine (DPH) anticholinergic & antihistaminic H1 [23] n = 3 n = 1 4


[24] n = 1 7


[25] n = 1 5

chlorpyrifos (organophosphate) cholinergic [26] n = 3 n = 1 6



malathion (organophosphate) [27] n = 1 7



parathion and methyl-parathion (organophosphates) [28] n = 1 6

lamotrigine (associated with valproate – probably not implicated) various mechanisms: voltage-gated sodium channel blocker or GABAergic [32] n = 3 n = 1 6



phenytoin associated and diazepam, versus barbiturate withdrawal [33] n = 1 6



phenytoin (associated with levetiracetam – probably not implicated) [34] n = 1 5

cocaine serotoninergic & dopaminergic & noradrenergic (reuptake blockage) [36] n = 2 n = 1 7


[37] n = 1 7

cyclosporine A dopaminergic [7] n = 2 n = 1 5


[38] n = 1 6

toluene (methylbenzene) GABAergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic [41] n = 2 n = 1 5


[42] n = 1 6

lithium associated with haloperidol glycinergic & dopaminergic [45] n = 2 n = 2 4

amantadine (our case report) glutamatergic n = 1 n = 1 7

phencyclidine (PCP) glutamatergic & GABAergic [9] n = 1 n = 1 6

solanum torvum berries (or turkey berries, susumber, aubergine sauvage) cholinergic [49] n = 1 n = 1 6

thallium potassium interference (Na+/K+-ATPase) [52] n = 1 n = 1 6

cefepime GABAergic [54] n = 1 n = 1 6

adenovector viral (AVV) ChAdOx1 vaccine (AZD1222) (AstraZeneca) unclear [63] n = 1 n = 1 3

carbon monoxide unclear [64] n = 1 n = 1 4

amitriptyline cholinergic & serotoninergic [65] n = 1 n = 1 5

venlafaxine serotoninergic & noradrenergic [66] n = 1 n = 1 2

In bold: discussed in the article.