Table 1.
Relationship of Demographics, Comorbidities, Hospital Factors, Concurrent Medications, and COVID-19 Vaccination With 18-Month Outcomes, Including Cognitive Symptoms, Any Neurologic Symptoms, and Low PROMIS Global Physical and Mental Health Scores
| 18-mo cognitive symptoms (N = 76) | No 18-mo cognitive symptoms (N = 203) |
p Value 18-mo cognitive symptom |
p Value 18-mo any neurologic symptom |
p Value Global health physical T-score <45 |
p Value Global health mental T-score <45 |
|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (median, IQR) | 57 (47–64) | 59 (52–69) | 0.035 | 0.315 | 0.378 | 0.426 |
| Sex (female), N (%) | 43/76 (57%) | 179/203 (39%) | 0.008 | 0.003 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
| Race (White), N (%) | 40/76 (53%) | 103/203 (51%) | 0.778 | 0.227 | 0.394 | 0.061 |
| Hispanic, N (%) | 26/76 (34%) | 93/203 (46%) | 0.081 | 0.244 | 0.008 | 0.354 |
| BMI (median, IQR) | 32.7 (25.7–38.6) | 31.5 (27.4–35.9) | 0.613 | 0.601 | <0.001 | 0.232 |
| Medical history | ||||||
| Hypertension, N (%) | 39/76 (51%) | 120/203 (59%) | 0.187 | 0.045 | 0.009 | 0.252 |
| Diabetes, N (%) | 27/76 (36%) | 69/199 (35%) | 0.894 | 0.464 | 0.110 | 0.021 |
| Hyperlipidemia, N (%) | 941/76 (54%) | 3/203 (46%) | 0.262 | 0.065 | 0.563 | 0.495 |
| CHF, N (%) | 4/76 (5%) | 10/203 (5%) | 0.466 | 0.058 | 0.004 | 0.040 |
| Peripheral vascular disease, N (%) | 4/76 (5%) | 9/203 (4%) | 0.452 | 0.063 | 0.438 | 0.059 |
| Stroke, N (%) | 7/76 (9%) | 7/203 (3%) | 0.073 | 0.038 | 0.069 | 0.139 |
| COPD/asthma/bronchitis, N (%) | 23/76 (30%) | 45/199 (23%) | 0.189 | 0.330 | 0.003 | 0.172 |
| Cancer, N (%) | 7/76 (9%) | 28/203 (14%) | 0.259 | 0.041 | 0.318 | 0.341 |
| CAD/MI, N (%) | 2/76 (3%) | 6/203 (3%) | 0.461 | 0.041 | 0.070 | 0.361 |
| Valvular heart disease, N (%) | 2/76 (3%) | 5/203 (3%) | 0.467 | 0.046 | 0.020 | 0.505 |
| Chronic kidney disease, N (%) | 10/76 (13%) | 23/199 (12%) | 0.715 | 0.408 | 0.199 | 0.361 |
| Transplant, N (%) | 2/76 (3%) | 8/203 (4%) | 0.402 | 0.057 | 0.562 | 0.481 |
| Autoimmune disease, N (%) | 6/76 (8%) | 9/203 (4%) | 0.254 | 0.005 | 0.282 | 0.378 |
| HIV, N (%) | 0/76 (0%) | 5/203 (3%) | 0.175 | 0.046 | 0.491 | 0.504 |
| Immunodeficiency, N (%) | 0/76 (0%) | 5/203 (3%) | 0.175 | 0.065 | 0.529 | 0.223 |
| Smoking, N (%) | 14/76 (18%) | 57/203 (28%) | 0.099 | 0.937 | 0.008 | 0.173 |
| Hospital factors | ||||||
| Received convalescent plasma, N (%) | 41/76 (54%) | 99/203 (49%) | 0.441 | 0.678 | 0.631 | 0.699 |
| Admission WHO, (median, IQR) | 5 (5–5) | 5 (5–6) | 0.661 | 0.862 | 0.689 | 0.763 |
| Adverse event: TRALI, TACO, N (%) | 0 | 0 | — | — | — | — |
| Adverse event: arterial thromboembolism, N (%) | 0/76 (0%) | 4/203 (2%) | 0.218 | 0.188 | 0.038 | 0.253 |
| Adverse event: venous thromboembolism, N (%) | 6/76 (8%) | 10/203 (5%) | 0.342 | 0.342 | 0.250 | 0.255 |
| Adverse event: infection, N (%) | 15/76 (20%) | 38/203 (19%) | 0.847 | 0.042 | 0.026 | 0.631 |
| Adverse event: bleeding, N (%) | 7/76 (9%) | 8/203 (4%) | 0.131 | 0.594 | 0.599 | 0.211 |
| Concurrent medications at the time of randomization | ||||||
| Remdesivir, N (%) | 40/76 (53%) | 130/203 (64%) | 0.082 | 0.537 | 0.258 | 0.707 |
| NSAIDs, N (%) | 52/76 (68%) | 116/203 (57%) | 0.087 | 0.682 | 0.445 | 0.551 |
| Steroids, N (%) | 63/76 (83%) | 173/203 (85%) | 0.632 | 0.578 | 0.588 | 0.929 |
| Statins, N (%) | 26/76 (34%) | 52/203 (26%) | 0.154 | 0.844 | 0.047 | 0.157 |
| Therapeutic anticoagulation, N (%) | 65/76 (86%) | 161/203 (79%) | 0.239 | 0.667 | 0.933 | 0.764 |
| Antiplatelets, N (%) | 20/76 (26%) | 41/203 (20%) | 0.271 | 0.766 | 0.971 | 0.367 |
| Hydroxychloroquine, N (%) | 7/76 (9%) | 7/203 (3%) | 0.050 | 0.590 | 0.911 | 0.367 |
| ACEI, N (%) | 3/76 (4%) | 21/203 (10%) | 0.090 | 0.446 | 0.481 | 0.760 |
| Discharge WHO (median, IQR) | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 0.178 | 0.260 | 0.141 | 0.623 |
| COVID vaccination after hospitalization | ||||||
| Any vaccine, N (%) | 71/76 (93%) | 180/203 (89%) | 0.240 | 0.042 | 0.326 | 0.522 |
| Pfizer, N (%) | 35/76 (46%) | 105/203 (52%) | 0.399 | 0.580 | 0.541 | 0.337 |
| Moderna, N (%) | 33/76 (43%) | 61/203 (30%) | 0.035 | 0.020 | 0.148 | 0.981 |
| Jansen, N (%) | 3/76 (4%) | 14/203 (7%) | 0.359 | 0.376 | 0.708 | 0.212 |
| Number of doses (median, IQR) | 3 (2–3) | 3 (2–3) | 0.472 | 0.974 | 0.202 | 0.303 |
Abbreviations: ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; BMI = body mass index; CAD/MI = coronary artery disease/myocardial infarction; CHF = congestive heart failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR = interquartile range; NSAIDs = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TACO = transfusion-associated circulatory overload; TRALI = transfusion-related acute lung injury; WHO = World Health Organization.
Bold indicates significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (p ≤ 0.001).