Table 1. Comprehensive comparison of baseline demographic and clinical data.
| Variable | All (n=2,745) | Frailty (n=2,558) | Nonfrailty (n=187) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Depression, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,510 (55.009) | 1,479 (57.819) | 31 (16.578) | |
| Yes | 1,235 (44.991) | 1,079 (42.181) | 156 (83.422) | |
| Pain, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 718 (26.157) | 695 (27.170) | 23 (12.299) | |
| Yes | 2,027 (73.843) | 1,863 (72.830) | 164 (87.701) | |
| Hearing, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 661 (24.080) | 635 (24.824) | 26 (13.904) | |
| Fair | 1,512 (55.082) | 1,413 (55.238) | 99 (52.941) | |
| Poor | 572 (20.838) | 510 (19.937) | 62 (33.155) | |
| Eyesight, n (%) | ||||
| Good | 559 (20.364) | 535 (20.915) | 24 (12.834) | <0.001 |
| Poor | 1,363 (49.654) | 1,297 (50.704) | 66 (35.294) | |
| Good | 823 (29.982) | 726 (28.382) | 97 (51.872) | |
| Medications, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,285 (46.812) | 1,230 (48.084) | 55 (29.412) | |
| Yes | 1,460 (53.188) | 1,328 (51.916) | 132 (70.588) | |
| Self-perceived health status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 293 (10.674) | 283 (11.063) | 10 (5.348) | |
| Fair | 1,223 (44.554) | 1,190 (46.521) | 33 (17.647) | |
| Poor | 1,229 (44.772) | 1,085 (42.416) | 144 (77.005) | |
| Asthma, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,945 (70.856) | 1,847 (72.205) | 98 (52.406) | |
| Yes | 800 (29.144) | 711 (27.795) | 89 (47.594) | |
| Arthritis, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,221 (44.481) | 1,161 (45.387) | 60 (32.086) | |
| Yes | 1,524 (55.519) | 1,397 (54.613) | 127 (67.914) | |
| Mental disease, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,582 (94.062) | 2,423 (94.722) | 159 (85.027) | |
| Yes | 163 (5.938) | 135 (5.278) | 28 (14.973) | |
| Digestive disease, n (%) | 0.009 | |||
| No | 1,471 (53.588) | 1,388 (54.261) | 83 (44.385) | |
| Yes | 1,274 (46.412) | 1,170 (45.739) | 104 (55.615) | |
| Kidney disease, n (%) | 0.26 | |||
| No | 2,243 (81.712) | 2,096 (81.939) | 147 (78.610) | |
| Yes | 502 (18.288) | 462 (18.061) | 40 (21.390) | |
| Stroke, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,500 (91.075) | 2,345 (91.673) | 155 (82.888) | |
| Yes | 245 (8.925) | 213 (8.327) | 32 (17.112) | |
| Heart disease, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,786 (65.064) | 1,691 (66.106) | 95 (50.802) | |
| Yes | 959 (34.936) | 867 (33.894) | 92 (49.198) | |
| Liver disease, n (%) | 0.55 | |||
| No | 2,360 (85.974) | 2,202 (86.083) | 158 (84.492) | |
| Yes | 385 (14.026) | 356 (13.917) | 29 (15.508) | |
| Cancer, n (%) | 0.009 | |||
| No | 2,658 (96.831) | 2,483 (97.068) | 175 (93.583) | |
| Yes | 87 (3.169) | 75 (2.932) | 12 (6.417) | |
| Diabetes, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 2,298 (83.716) | 2,161 (84.480) | 137 (73.262) | |
| Yes | 447 (16.284) | 397 (15.520) | 50 (26.738) | |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,935 (70.492) | 1,824 (71.306) | 111 (59.358) | |
| Yes | 810 (29.508) | 734 (28.694) | 76 (40.642) | |
| Hypertension, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,467 (53.443) | 1,395 (54.535) | 72 (38.503) | |
| Yes | 1,278 (46.557) | 1,163 (45.465) | 115 (61.497) | |
| Sleep quality, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Rarely or not at all | 991 (36.102) | 960 (37.529) | 31 (16.578) | |
| Some time or a little time | 469 (17.086) | 445 (17.396) | 24 (12.834) | |
| Half the time | 473 (17.231) | 435 (17.005) | 38 (20.321) | |
| Most or all of the time | 812 (29.581) | 718 (28.069) | 94 (50.267) | |
| Social activities, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,329 (48.415) | 1,198 (46.833) | 131 (70.053) | |
| Yes | 1,416 (51.585) | 1,360 (53.167) | 56 (29.947) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.19 | |||
| No | 1,326 (48.306) | 1,227 (47.967) | 99 (52.941) | |
| Yes | 1,419 (51.694) | 1,331 (52.033) | 88 (47.059) | |
| Drinking, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 1,873 (68.233) | 1,708 (66.771) | 165 (88.235) | |
| Yes | 872 (31.767) | 850 (33.229) | 22 (11.765) | |
| Income, n (%) | 0.45 | |||
| No | 84 (3.060) | 80 (3.127) | 4 (2.139) | |
| Yes | 2,661 (96.940) | 2,478 (96.873) | 183 (97.861) | |
| Insurance, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| No | 41 (1.494) | 32 (1.251) | 9 (4.813) | |
| Yes | 2,704 (98.506) | 2,526 (98.749) | 178 (95.187) | |
| Residence, n (%) | 0.003 | |||
| Urban | 690 (25.137) | 660 (25.801) | 30 (16.043) | |
| Rural | 2,055 (74.863) | 1,898 (74.199) | 157 (83.957) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Married | 477 (17.377) | 412 (16.106) | 65 (34.759) | |
| Unmarried | 2,268 (82.623) | 2,146 (83.894) | 122 (65.241) | |
| Educational level, n (%) | 0.002 | |||
| Below junior high school level | 2,483 (90.455) | 2,300 (89.914) | 183 (97.861) | |
| High school or vocational training | 235 (8.561) | 232 (9.070) | 3 (1.604) | |
| Tertiary | 27 (0.984) | 26 (1.016) | 1 (0.535) | |
| Gender, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Male | 1,473 (53.661) | 1,407 (55.004) | 66 (35.294) | |
| Female | 1,272 (46.339) | 1,151 (44.996) | 121 (64.706) | |
| Life satisfaction, n (%) | <0.001 | |||
| Good | 800 (29.144) | 748 (29.242) | 52 (27.807) | |
| Fair | 1,487 (54.171) | 1,415 (55.317) | 72 (38.503) | |
| Poor | 458 (16.685) | 395 (15.442) | 63 (33.690) | |
| Cognitive, median (IQR) | 9.500 (5.000–13.000) | 9.500 (5.500–13.000) | 4.500 (1.500–9.000) | <0.001 |
| Age, median (IQR) | 65.000 (57.000–71.000) | 64.000 (56.000–71.000) | 70.000 (65.000–76.000) | <0.001 |
| Smoking every day, median (IQR) | 0.000 (0.000–15.000) | 0.000 (0.000–18.000) | 0.000 (0.000–5.000) | 0.003 |
| Sleep time, median (IQR) | 6.000 (4.000–7.000) | 6.000 (4.500–7.000) | 5.000 (3.000–7.000) | <0.001 |
| ADL score, median (IQR) | 6.000 (5.000–6.000) | 6.000 (6.000–6.000) | 6.000 (5.000–6.000) | <0.001 |
IQR, interquartile range; ADL, activities of daily living.