Table 2.
Patient characteristics.
| n(%) | |
|---|---|
| Patients | 20 (100%) |
| Age, years. Median (range) |
74.7 (55.7–83.6) |
| Karnofsky performance status at baseline | |
| 100 | 4 (20%) |
| 90 | 5 (25%) |
| 80 | 7 (35%) |
| 70 | 3 (15%) |
| 60 | 1 (5%) |
| ECOG at baseline | |
| 0 | 9 (45%) |
| 1 | 10 (50%) |
| 2 | 1 (5%) |
| Sex | |
| Female | 5 (25%) |
| Male | 15 (75%) |
| Cirrhosis | |
| Yes | 16 (80%) |
| No | 4 (20%) |
| Origin of cirrhosis | |
| Alcoholic | 8 (40%) |
| Hepatitis B | 1 (5%) |
| Hepatitis C | 4 (20%) |
| Nutritional | 1 (5%) |
| Cryptogenic | 2 (10%) |
| Child-Pugh score at baseline (points/class) | |
| N/A (no cirrhosis) | 4 (20%) |
| 5/A | 10 (50%) |
| 6/A | 4 (20%) |
| 8/B | 1 (5%) |
| 9/B | 1 (5%) |
| BCLC stage | |
| A1 | 1 (5%) |
| A2 | 1 (5%) |
| A4 | 1 (5%) |
| B | 6 (30%) |
| C | 11 (55%) |
| mALBI at baseline | |
| 1 | 13 (65%) |
| 2a | 5 (25%) |
| 2b | 1 (5%) |
| 3 | 1 (5%) |
| Histology | |
| Yes | 11 (55%) |
| No | 9 (45%) |
| AFP elevation (>8 IU/ml) | |
| Yes | 4 (20%) |
| No | 16 (80%) |
| Diagnosis of HCC based on: | |
| Histology | 11 (55%) |
| Imaging and AFP elevation | 3 (15%) |
| Two independent imaging methods | 6 (30%) |
| Macrovascular invasion present in MRI | |
| Yes | 1 (5%) |
| No | 19 (95%) |
| Previous therapies (multiple, if applicable) | |
| None | 9 (45%) |
| Surgery | 7 (35%) |
| RFA | 3 (15%) |
| MWA | 1 (5%) |
| TACE | 4 (20%) |
| Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) | 1 (5%) |
| Sorafenib | 1 (5%) |
| Dose levels (fraction/total) [Gy (RBE)] | |
| 8.1/32.4 | 3 (15%) |
| 8.8/35.2 | 3 (15%) |
| 9.5/38.0 | 4 (20%) |
| 10.0/40.0 | 3 (15%) |
| 10.5/42.0 | 7 (35%) |
| HCC lesions in total | |
| 1 | 15 (75%) |
| 2 | 2 (10%) |
| ≥3 | 3 (15%) |
| CIRT target lesions | |
| 1 | 17 (85%) |
| 2 | 1 (5%) |
| 3 | 2 (10%) |
| GTV localization (liver segments) | |
| S IV | 1 (5%) |
| S VI | 6 (30%) |
| S VIII | 4 (20%) |
| S II/III | 2 (10%) |
| S V/VI | 1 (5%) |
| S V/VIII | 2 (10%) |
| S VI/VII | 2 (10%) |
| S VII/VIII | 1 (5%) |
| S IV/V/VIII | 1 (5%) |
| Target volumes (accumulative). Median (range) | |
| GTV diameter (mm) |
28 (12–65) |
| GTV volume (cc) |
18.8 (2.0–125.7) |
| CTV volume (cc) |
41.0 (9.1–191.6) |
| ITV volume (cc) |
73.3 (11.3–275.8) |
| PTV volume (cc) |
136.0 (33.1–437.5) |
| Whole liver volume (cc) |
1,572.9 (830.3–2,815.7) |
| Liver mean dose (Gy) |
6.7 (1.4–15.2) |
| Gated treatment | |
| Yes | 7 (35%) |
| No | 13 (65%) |
AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; BCLC, Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer; CIRT, carbon ion radiotherapy; CTV, clinical target volume; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status; GTV, gross tumor volume; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; ITV, internal target volume; mALBI, modified albumin–bilirubin; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; MWA, microwave ablation; PTV, planning target volume; RFA, radiofrequency ablation; TACE, transarterial chemoembolization.