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The 5′-tRNAHisGUG half and the 5′-tRNAValCAC/AAC half are the only 5′-tRNA halves that strongly activate endosomal TLR. (A) The indicated 5′-tRNA halves and ssRNA41 (negative control) were subjected to DOTAP-mediated transfection into HMDMs. Total RNAs from the cells were subjected to RT-qPCR for the indicated mRNAs. (B) After the RNA transfection, the culture medium was subjected to measurement of the concentration of the indicated cytokines.
